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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proposed by the Panamanian ambassador, drafted by a committee led by the US ambassador, passed on December 10, 1948

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US Ambassador Eleanor Roosevelt

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights. Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 (General Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500 languages. The UDHR is widely recognized as having inspired, and paved the way for, the adoption of more than seventy human rights treaties, applied today on a permanent basis at global and regional levels (all containing references to it in their preambles).

Preamble

Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,

Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,

Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,

Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

Now, therefore,

The General Assembly,

Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.

Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Article 2

Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

Article 3

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

Article 4

No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

Article 5

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

Article 6

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

Article 7

All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Article 8

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.

Article 9

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

Article 10

Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

Article 11

Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

Article 12

No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.

Article 13

Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.

Article 14

Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 15

Everyone has the right to a nationality.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.

Article 16

Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.

Article 17

Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

Article 18

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.

Article 19

Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.

Article 20

Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Article 21

Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives.
Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

Article 22

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

Article 23

Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection.
Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

Article 24

Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

Article 25

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

Article 26

Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Article 27

Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.

Article 28

Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

Article 29

Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible.
In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society.
These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Article 30

Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein.

 

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The Panama News blog links and memes. December 10, 2024

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New St}yria
See here for the story.

Another blog post while our access to Facebook is limited

 

Dry season in Panama? Not yet.

Bajó el precio de guandú

Posición de los partidos ante las reformas

Arctic shipping set new records this year

Panamá firma los protocolos para convertirse en Estado asociado del Mercosur

Taylor Swift spreads the proceeds of her tour among staff

Lula stable after brain surgery

Haiti gang kills 110 people accused of witchcraft

Bernal, Educando para la capacidad de discernir

Chittister, Which star do you follow?

Tulsi Gabbard scrambles to save spy job as another Trump pick hits trouble

Caricatura, Víctor Ramos

Temblor, Motivaciones y lecciones de la elección de Donald Trump

In the wake of Assad’s fall Israel attacks Syria

In the wake of Assad’s fall the United States attacks Syria

Judge questions release of pro-Russian Capitol riot defendant

Supreme Court justicess question minority set-aside fraud prosecution

Court nixes Rupert Murchoch bid to cement politics of his news empire

Panamá cierra con orgullo su participación en los Juegos Bolivarianos

Corea del Sur: Fracasa la moción para destituir al presidente Yoon Suk Yeol

 

Footnotes to the screaming headlines:

* Panama has seen a recent rise in the homicide rate. Mostly it’s gangsters killing one another over who controls which part of which racket. If you are a worried expat, do not go out and acquire an arsenal of firearms. Just stay away from the rackets and from racketeers.

* Some people had interpreted President Mulino’s campaign trail rhetoric about him not investigating anyone as a free pass for previous corruption. It seems like what he really meant was that this stuff is not the president’s job and he’s loathe to interfere. View the various news organizations’ scandal stories with the historic partisan alignments of those media reporting them in mind. There has been generalized corruption and you don’t need American Embassy pronouncements about it to understand. So far, there is no big witch hunt and no party membership is a stay out of jail card.

* Are the commie radicals about to take over Panama and make it into the next Venezuela? Outside forces might lean on Panama and provoke more widespread economic suffering on Panama, for whatever reason. The opposition Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) is part of the Socialist International. Those folks are not very socialist, democratic or revolutionary. Their caucus can play games in the legislature but will not come to power anytime soon. Even farther away from power are the actual communist factions, which are important factors in the labor movement and will be in the streets this week to oppose a jam-through of worker-unfriendly changes to the public pension system. Some sort of compromise is more likely than another national strike.

* These are not boom times. Christmas shopping will drive a little spike in business but we still have a weak economy.

* Has Syria fallen to horrible terrorists who are now pillaging and massively murdering innocent people? Maybe. Hold off on judging such reports until more information, from more reliable sources, comes in.

 

santa

 

Bibi

 

Joe

 

Mulino in Ayacucho
President Mulino addresses the MERCORUR summit in Ayacucho, Peru.

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a thepanamanews@gmail.com

To fend off hackers, organized trolls and other online vandalism, our website comments feature is switched off. Instead, come to our Facebook page to join in the discussion.

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Chittister, Which star do you follow?

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Sister Joan

The function of Advent is to remind us what we’re waiting for as we go through life too busy with things that do not matter to remember the things that do. When year after year we hear the same scriptures and the same hymns of longing for the life to come, of which this one is only its shadow, it becomes impossible to forget the refrains of the soul.

Advent relieves us of our commitment to the frenetic in a fast-paced world. It slows us down. It makes us think. It makes us look beyond today to the “great tomorrow” of life. Without Advent, moved only by the race to nowhere that exhausts the world around us, we could be so frantic with trying to consume and control this life that we fail to develop within ourselves a taste for the spirit that does not die and will not slip through our fingers like melted snow.

It is while waiting for the coming of the reign of God, Advent after Advent, that we come to realize that its coming depends on us. What we do will either hasten or slow, sharpen or dim our own commitment to do our part to bring it.

Waiting—that cold period of life when nothing seems to be enough and something else beckons within us—is the grace that Advent comes to bring. It stands before us, within us, pointing to the star for which the wise ones from the East are only icons of ourselves.

We all want something more. Advent asks the question, what is it for which you are spending your life? What is the star you are following now? And where is that star in its present radiance in your life leading you? Is it a place that is really comprehensive enough to equal the breadth of the human soul?

—from The Liturgical Year by Joan Chittister (Thomas Nelson)

 

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Rómulo Castro & Grupo Tuira retrospective concert on YouTube tomorrow night

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Rómulo

Rómulo Castro, a Panamanian cultural hero of a lineage dispersed by the Spanish Civil War, looks back over 30 years in Panama

Is musician, composer and human rights activist Rómulo Castro more famous by relation to what others have done, than he ought to be in his own right?

He comes from an extended family originating in Spain’s Valencia region that was dispersed by Generalissimo Fancisco Franco’s victory in the Spanish Civil war. Born in Mexico, he was raised in Panama as part of a family that mostly made its living in academia. He’s the son of Nils Castro, who became part of Geeral Omar Torrijos’s brain trust.

Rómulo’s Grammy-winning hit, La Rosa de Los Vientos, was a proud and defiant post-invasion assertion of Panamanian identity and worth, made world-famous when Rubén Blades covered it.

Over the decades Grupo Tuira, named after the Darien river and watershed not only has had many people come and go, but has also been the center of a Panamanian music scene that has been enriched by expatriates and exiles from places like Chile, Cuba and Brazil as well as Panama. From there, and from his wanderings and collaborations around the world, he has picked up not only musical influences, but more universal senses of decency and justice that have come forward at key moments of life on the isthmus.

He’s going to Spain now — will he be back here on a permanent basis? In any case Romulo and friends are leaving us with an online concert to mark this phase of his journey.

 

Rómulo Castro y el Grupo Tuira y artistas invitados — SEP7EM, El concierto

“Septem” (“7”) cierra poco más de 3 décadas de trabajo ininterrumpido del Grupo Tuira. Un ciclo que dio inicio en el mítico bar panameño “El Zaguán”, en donde nacieron esta banda y sus canciones.

33 vueltas al sol y 6 discos después, el Tuira de 2024 reúne a fundadores y nuevos acólitos para proponer esta séptima experiencia de reflexión en clave de música y poesía, a través de un nuevo puñado de canciones a contracorriente con las que comparten lo mejor que pueden imaginar y hacer.

SEP7EM, el concierto, no sólo presenta al público el más reciente álbum musical del TUIRA, sino un breve recorrido por temas emblemáticos de Rómulo Castro, con los que la banda se despide de los escenarios de la música panameña…

Lunes 9 de dismember de 2024
7:00 p.m. (Panamá)
1:00 a.m. (España)

 

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Jackson, Dumb questions about a hot topic?

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and...

As the finger-point goes circular, some queries

by Eric Jackson

Back to just after the partial privatization of Seguro Social, there was all this talk about SIACAP accounts in individuals’ names, which people who were not going to get CSS pensions could withdraw or transfer. I was never sure if it applied to me.

So NOW, if someone was never sure and never dealt with SIACAP, and has died since, does the bank get to keep that money?

I have yet to notice any discussion, let alone such numbers, about such stuff.

The disadvantageous real estate deals for the fund, but gold mines for somebody, we have heard about over the years. But if the beneficiaries sold those properties, or the proceeds passed through inheritance — how much does that all add up to?

What can legally and realistically be recovered after all of the years of abuse? Lots of fingers of blame are being pointed, but I don’t see any bank accounts or other properties being frozen.

Matter of fact, Ricky Martinelli stole and laundered more than $70 million to buy a newspaper chain — and was convicted for it — but except for some stock certificates, has that proceed of theft really changed hands? Don’t want to hear anything HE has to say about the CSS.

 

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The Panama News inks and memes blog, December 8th

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Mom

El redactor todavía no puede acceder a Facebook
pero sus amigos le ayudan
The editor is still locked out of Facebook
but friends are lending a hand

Three-way Trump, Macron and Zelensky talks

Spain’s newspaper of record comes through! — a cannibalism story

EU tries to get closer to South America with trade deal

House GOP faces ‘fate worse than death’

Palabras del Presidente José Raúl Mulino en la adhesión de Panamá al Mercosur

Exalcalde de Colón deberá regresar a prisión

Syria’s Jolani: from jihadist to pragmatist

 

 

From The Intercept.

 

 

 

 

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Holiday history books

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Do we really want to get accusatory and revisit the questions of which Panamanians called for the 1989 invasion and who, exactly, burned down El Chorrillo at great loss of human life? The invaders’ own video and photographic records tell us that. Here, US forces bombard the old Panama Defense Forces Comandancia, sending burning chunks flying off into adjacent areas, in particular the wooden tenements of El Chorrillo. Yes, the invading Americans kept Panama’s first responders off the streets, such that by the middle of the next morning the fires that had been started turned into a firestorm. Set aside the later lies, and the speculation about motives. It’s easy enough to see. And who asked for this act of violence? George HW Bush did. Nobody at the Pentagon was taking orders from Panamanians, and moreover the US Southern Command newspaper, The Tropic Times, had been boasting of US provocations like the running of guardia checkpoint that led to the shooting death of a young soldier. Poor guy wasn’t even an American, but a Colombian hoping to get US citizenship and perhaps the ability to sponsor family members’ legal moves to the USA via military service. US Department of Defense video.

Holiday season books about this country

by Eric Jackson

Do you remember, in the Robin Hood stories, the question the guards at the approaches to the outlawed nobleman’s camp would ask of those who drew nigh?

“Are ye Saxon, or are ye knave, “ it went.

These stories, like the King Arthur tales of brave knights of a bygone golden age, arose along with the rising of English nationalism. The progeny of the Plantagenet family, always with an eye to the continent and descended from Frenchified Vikings, were wearing out their welcome and a nation whose language and customs had been transformed by the invaders of 1066 were looking for new stories about supposed olden to explain and justify their existence and to point out qualities that ought to be encouraged as English. Leave it to a much later generation of Englishmen to make off-color jokes about the old time justice system.

We have just been through the November parts of our patriotic holidays, but have two hallowed days with aspects of holiday treatment although designated as somber national days of mourning.to come in this season – the December 20th anniversary of the 1989 US invasion and the January 9th Day of The Martyrs.

But hot sellers for this Christmas season are two history books, journalist Fernando Berguido’s “El Colapso de Panamá,” about Noreiga times, and professor Olmedo Beluche’s “Ensayos Sobre Nación Nacionalismo E Historia.”

WHAT?!?!?!? Events aren’t free-standing anomalies over the erratic course of history? And national creation stories aren’t like they teach them in school, like George Washington didn’t really cut down that cherry tree and then ‘fess up about it?

In these days of rampant nihilism it would be easy to notice where La Prensa and its principals are and have been at over the years. So does that make Berquido’s book invalid for not “solving the question of who asked for the 1989 invasion? Is Beluche’s book invalid because the guy’s a leftist who ties to poke holes in the stories promoted by “The Families?”

Read history and politics with at least enough skepticism to understand that every writer, especialy the ones who deny it, has a point of view. Which does not mean that everything that’s written is a lie.

This holiday season Panama finds itself in something of a crisis, wherein after years of sticky-fingered abuse the Social Security Fund’s pension system approached insolvency, some of the interest groups and political parties responsible are playing games about it and some of the usual suspects are starting to take to the streets about it.

‘Tis the season to take some quiet time to get a better handle on who Panamanians are and where we have been.

The El Chorrillo firestorm by mid-morning. US Department of Defense photo.
 

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¿Wappin? Gets Afrocentric tonight / Esta noche se pone afrocéntrica

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Hon. Martha
Should we call her “The Honorable?”
She did win that election.

A batch from the soul kitchen…
Un lote de la cocina del alma…

Peter Tosh – Mama Africa

Zahara – Bengirongo

Martha and the Vandellas — Live at Newbury Opera House 2022

Little Richard – Lucille

Roberta Flack — The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face

The Four Tops – Midland Texas 2023

Lord Cobra – Racombey

Tracy Chapman — Baby Can I Hold You

 

 

Contact us by email at / Contáctanos por correo electrónico a thepanamanews@gmail.com

To fend off hackers, organized trolls and other online vandalism, our website comments feature is switched off. Instead, come to our Facebook page to join in the discussion.

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The Panama News blog links and memes, December 6, 2024

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murder 1
STILL trying to get back into my Facebook account, AND with weekend tasks of setting up a new camera and main production computer. And, and…

Bear with me.

Eric

The Panama News blog links

Mexico 1-1 Panama in international women’s friendly

Salud: Anticonceptivos masculinos | The Panama News

Insurance exec’s killing sparks outrage online over state of US healthcare

Rubén Blades sobre maleantes en la política, la buena en peridismo, y justicia rota

Fiscalía apela la medida de trabajo comunitario a exrepresentante Ramón Ashby

Medellin Cartel drug lord released from US prison after serving 25 years

Bancada legislativa RM proponen no aumentar la edad de jubilación

Propuesta del partido RM sobre la CSS aflora pugna entre Martinelli y Chapman

La Prensa: Crisis de la CSS: intereses personales sobre el bienestar nacional

French government collapses as political chaos reaches boiling point

Amnesty International report on the Gaza War

Jeffries stays out of the way as dems mutiny against senior panel leaders

Groups sound alarm over Trump bid to install nominees without Senate approval

Democrats’ win in final uncalled house race locks in brutally small gop majority

Tribunal Superior rechaza recurso presentado por defensa de Ferrufino

Two Americas: divided by trust in law enforcement

The Israelis are not the only ones bombing hospitals in that region

Israel’s disinformation campaign against UNRWA

Russian state TV hosts ‘thrilled’ about these Trump picks

China sanctions 13 US firms over Taiwan arms sale

Union Workers Furious Trump is Opposing US Steel Sale

Civil War at The Guardian

Insurer sets time limits on anesthesia coverage during surgeries

Bahamian MP throws mace out Parliament window

Disminuye la confianza del consumidor panameño

Más de 200 monedas martinellis falsas arrojadas desde un puente

Samudio: Las operaciones psicológicas que utiliza el gobierno

Panama Canal has big plans to deal with drought

 

yearwood

 

 

 

JC superstar

 

scam

 

guns

 

 

rawk!
When you get old and buzzardly, is it a matter of solidarity that you take an interest in the vultures soaring over Ancon Hill on their migration? 

 

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Salud: Anticonceptivos masculinos

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shutterstock
Foto Shutterstock por TanyaJoy.

Anticonceptivos hormonales masculinos: una cuestión de equidad

por Piedad Gómez Torres, Universidad de Granada

Todas las personas tienen el derecho a decidir sobre su propia reproducción. Esto incluye elegir si tener hijos, cuándo y cuántos. También implica poder decidir con conocimiento y tener acceso a métodos anticonceptivos seguros y efectivos. Este último punto presenta una brecha entre hombres y mujeres: ¿por qué ellos no tienen anticonceptivos hormonales?

A nivel mundial, el 9 % de las mujeres no satisface sus necesidades anticonceptivas y casi la mitad de los embarazos no son planeados.

Enfocándonos en los anticonceptivos para los hombres, estos tienen menos opciones que las mujeres: el condón y la vasectomía. El primero presenta una eficacia del 87 % y la vasectomía es un método quirúrgico.

La falta de anticonceptivos hormonales para hombres impide un cuidado reproductivo completo. Además, deja insatisfechas las necesidades de salud de ambos.

Hasta ahora las mujeres han cargado con la mayor parte de la responsabilidad para prevenir embarazos.

Para lograr equidad, los hombres tienen que involucrarse más en el uso de anticonceptivos. Deben asumir esta responsabilidad junto a sus parejas.

Para ello es necesario que los servicios de planificación familiar cuenten con una amplia gama de anticonceptivos de calidad. Los anticonceptivos hormonales para hombres podrían conseguir que la responsabilidad anticonceptiva sea realmente compartida entre hombres y mujeres.

Desarrollo de anticonceptivos hormonales masculinos

Aunque los científicos empezaron a investigar los anticonceptivos hormonales masculinos en la década de 1970, aún no se ha logrado comercializar ninguno.

El desarrollo de estos nuevos métodos está avanzando lentamente debido, en gran medida, a la falta de apoyo financiero. La mayoría de los fondos para estas investigaciones provienen de instituciones como el Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver y centros académicos. Los gobiernos y la industria farmacéutica han contribuido muy poco. Esto se debe a que no existen reglas claras de las autoridades regulatorias de salud, como la FDA (Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de Estados Unidos) y la EMA (Agencia Europea de Medicamentos), para aprobar la comercialización de anticonceptivos hormonales para hombres.

Con el fin de avanzar en el desarrollo de estos métodos y hacerlos disponibles es esencial que los responsables políticos, los financiadores y la industria impulsen la inversión.

Métodos efectivos, seguros y reversibles

Los anticonceptivos hormonales masculinos han demostrado ser eficaces y reversibles. En diversos ensayos clínicos, estos métodos resultaron tan efectivos como las pastillas anticonceptivas que usan las mujeres.

En el mundo de la investigación ya se tiene mucha experiencia con el uso de hormonas y se conocen bien los posibles efectos secundarios. Se puede garantizar que estos métodos son seguros para la salud de los varones a largo plazo.

Además, los anticonceptivos hormonales han probado ser aceptables –para hombres y mujeres–, tanto en encuestas sobre métodos teóricos como en ensayos clínicos en los que se han probado. De hecho, la aceptabilidad ha sido incluso mayor en dichos ensayos.

La demanda de los anticonceptivos hormonales para hombres podría ser igual a la de métodos para mujeres ya comercializados. En España, por ejemplo, solo un 10 % de encuestados indicó que no usaría nunca una píldora anticonceptiva.

Los efectos secundarios son similares

En trabajos con diferentes grupos de personas los efectos secundarios fueron clave para determinar si estos métodos serán utilizados.

Los anticonceptivos hormonales para hombres pueden causar efectos no deseados, pero suelen ser pocos y similares a los de las mujeres.

En las primeras investigaciones se usaron dosis muy altas de testosterona. Esto provocó consecuencias como cambios en algunos valores sanguíneos. En estudios recientes, al emplear otras sustancias (progestinas) y ajustar las dosis de testosterona, los efectos secundarios fueron mucho menores.

Los efectos más comunes expresados en los ensayos clínicos son cambios de humor y acné.

¿Qué tipo de método llegará antes al mercado?

Durante años, los anticonceptivos hormonales estudiados fueron inyecciones o implantes. Ahora se está probando un gel para usar en casa llamado NES/T que ayuda a detener la producción de esperma. Combina dos sustancias, testosterona y acetato de segesterona, y se pone en la piel todos los días. Es fácil de usar y casi no tiene efectos secundarios.

También se han intentado desarrollar píldoras anticonceptivas para hombres, ya que muchos preferirían tomar una pastilla. Recientemente se aprobó una, pero hay que ingerirla dos veces al día, con comida. No es muy práctico, y por eso se está trabajando para crear una píldora masculina más amigable.

Sin embargo, lo más probable es que el gel NES/T llegue antes al mercado. Ya está en etapas avanzadas, ha tenido buenos resultados y es fácil de usar. La mayoría de los hombres lo incluyó sin problemas en su rutina.

Los resultados muestran que funciona muy bien y que hombres y mujeres están contentos con él. Sin embargo, todavía se necesitan estudios con mayor población para que se comercialice.

¿Se estudian métodos no hormonales?

Los investigadores han planteado así mismo numerosas líneas de investigación de métodos anticonceptivos no hormonales para hombres, pero se encuentran mucho menos avanzadas.

Algunos funcionan bloqueando el paso de los espermatozoides al aplicar inyecciones de un gel especial en los conductos por donde pasan, como Vasalgel. Otros emplean medicamentos que detienen la producción o el movimiento de los espermatozoides.

Mientras que las líneas hormonales llevan años probándose en humanos, las no hormonales se encuentran todavía en fase de ensayos de laboratorio. Por ello, se espera que los primeros se comercialicen antes.

Revolución en los derechos reproductivos

La equidad en los derechos reproductivos significa que hombres y mujeres tienen las mismas opciones y oportunidades. Así se promueve una sociedad más justa. El desarrollo de métodos anticonceptivos para hombres es, después de todo, también una cuestión de salud de la mujer.

Incluir el acceso a los anticonceptivos hormonales ayudaría a equilibrar la responsabilidad anticonceptiva. Además, fortalecería los programas de planificación familiar al ofrecer opciones más variadas y equilibradas.

Por otro lado, la anticoncepción eficaz y reversible para hombres reducirá los embarazos no planificados, especialmente en países donde se usan pocos anticonceptivos.

Si los hombres asumen un papel más activo será un avance hacia la equidad en los derechos reproductivos.The Conversation

Piedad Gómez Torres, Profesora Ayudante Doctora, Universidad de Granada

Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en The Conversation. Lea el original.

 

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