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¡Gallinas! ¡GALLINAS!

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buc buc buc buc

 

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Elon Musk sells an ad

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mixing weapons and drinking
An international ad campaign, especially aimed at the violent US market. Neither the advertiser nor the owner of the medium on which it was run, one Elon Musk, seem to have any qualms about the mixture of weapons and drinking. An ad from Twitter / X.
 

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Jiménez Cid, La domesticación de la levadura

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cerveza
Foto: Master1305/SHutterstock.

Cómo el ser humano domesticó la levadura que nos regaló el vino y la cerveza

por Víctor Jiménez Cid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Desde el Neolítico, cuando la recolección o captura de especies vegetales y animales dejó de ser la base de la alimentación de la especie, nuestra supervivencia –y, sobre todo, el desarrollo de las civilizaciones– ha sido fruto de la domesticación.

Mediante la agricultura y la ganadería hemos seleccionado, mejorado y adaptado a nuestras necesidades cereales, frutales, plantas de interés hortícola, aves y rumiantes para la producción de huevos, carne, leche… Y, en tiempos recientes, incluso especies de peces.

Pero a veces se nos olvida que también hemos domesticado de forma empírica a seres invisibles: los microorganismos necesarios para elaborar los alimentos y bebidas fermentadas, sobre todo bacterias lácticas y levaduras. Ambas son las responsables de la transformación de la leche en queso o yogur, de la carne en embutidos, de los vegetales en encurtidos, del vino, del pan y de la cerveza.

El peso histórico de la embriaguez

De la levadura del pan, el vino y la cerveza, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, habla precisamente este artículo. Probablemente fue domesticada en Asia u Oriente Próximo en los primeros asentamientos agrícolas. Los restos arqueológicos, las tablillas mesopotámicas y los papiros egipcios registran recetas para la elaboración de vino o primitivas cervezas, muy populares en estas primeras civilizaciones.

Quizás la evidencia arqueológica más antigua del consumo de cereal fermentado procede de la cultura natufiense, en el periodo Mesolítico en Oriente próximo, entre el 12 500 y el 9 500 a. C. Podemos especular que la “mágica” evolución de los mostos azucarados a un brebaje embriagador e imperecedero ocurrió de manera empírica en los almacenes de fruta o grano, y pronto fue dominada en sus aspectos técnicos, seguramente por mujeres dentro de los clanes familiares e incluso en castas sacerdotales.

Muchos siglos antes de los banquetes griegos, de los que la obra de Platón da testimonio, el consumo de bebidas fermentadas estaba integrado en rituales mistéricos y festivales estacionales.

El propio Evangelio, base de la religión cristiana, hace referencia a estos cultos integrando el pan y el vino, productos de la fermentación por Saccharomyces, como el eje del ritual de la eucaristía.

En el contexto de esos ritos, el estado de embriaguez provocado por las bebidas fermentadas pudo interpretarse en las primeras civilizaciones como un estado de consciencia sobrenatural que permitía conectar con los dioses, ellos mismos según los mitos bebedores de néctar, soma, etc. A pesar de su antigüedad y su peso histórico –ningún historiador podrá negar taxativamente que muchas decisiones que han cambiado el curso de la historia se han tomado con mucha probabilidad tras el consumo de alcohol–, hasta el siglo XIX la fermentación alcohólica no fue explicada científicamente.

Todo eran especulaciones hasta que llegó Pasteur

El primero en observar levaduras en alimentos fermentados fue Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723). Pero la demostración de las hipótesis del físico Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1777-1859) y el naturalista Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) en favor de un papel activo de estos “animálculos” en la conversión del azúcar en alcohol y anhídrido carbónico no fue científicamente probada hasta que Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) se interesó por las transformaciones bioquímicas que tenían lugar en la producción del vino y la cerveza.

El propio Pasteur patentó un método de producción de cerveza con el que pretendía superar la calidad del caldo producido por sus enemigos alemanes en plena guerra franco-prusiana. La aplicación de las técnicas de cultivo puro, puestas a punto por el propio Pasteur y su rival alemán Robert Koch (1843-1910), inspiró a Emil Christian Hansen (1842-1909) a aislar a partir de los mostos de la factoría Carlsberg en Copenhague, donde trabajaba como microbiólogo, a la levadura “lager”. Esta levadura era un híbrido entre una Saccharomyces cerevisiae domesticada y una levadura adaptada al climas fríos, Saccharomyces eubayanus. El híbrido fue denominado entonces Saccharomyces carlsbergensis y hoy ha sido renombrado como Saccharomyces pastorianus en honor al padre de la microbiología.

Las levaduras fermentativas son los microorganismos más rentables del mundo, necesarios en las industrias panadera, del cacao, vínica y cervecera, así como para producir bebidas destiladas. Solo en Europa se estima que producimos un millón de toneladas de levadura anualmente con fines comerciales.

Conocemos sus genes como la palma de la mano

Saccharomyces cerevisiae ha sido también un modelo en biología a lo largo del siglo XX, gracias a la facilidad de manejo de su ciclo reproductivo vegetativo y sexual, óptimo para probar de manera sencilla las leyes de Mendel. Al fin y al cabo, es el organismo eucariota –con un núcleo verdadero– que mejor conocemos a nivel genético y molecular.

La secuenciación completa de los 16 cromosomas que contiene su genoma, en 1996, fue un ensayo general imprescindible para la posterior secuenciación del genoma humano. Aunque cientos de millones de años de evolución divergente separan al ser humano de la levadura, muchas funciones fisiológicas y rutas bioquímicas celulares están perfectamente conservadas. Tanto es así que el genetista Ira Herskowitz (1943-2003), uno de los padres de la biología celular de la levadura, solía replicar a quien cuestionaba su validez como modelo con la frase lapidaria “la levadura es un ser humano unicelular”, zanjando con ironía pero con determinación cualquier posible discusión al respecto.

Y en el siglo XXI, el uso de S. cerevisiae como modelo ha estado detrás de tres premios Nobel: Hartwell (2001), Schekman (2013) y Oshumi (2018). Por su investigación en este modelo de los mecanismos que rigen el ciclo de división celular (esencial para luchar contra el cáncer), el tráfico de vesículas entre orgánulos y los procesos de autofagia, respectivamente.

A su importancia como modelo biológico y en fermentaciones industriales hay que añadir su papel como probiótico, su uso en la industria químico-farmacéutica para producir a escala industrial y con bajo coste fármacos de enorme importancia como hormonas (insulina humana) o vacunas (la de la hepatitis B), o su utilización en la producción de bioalcohol en el campo de las energías limpias.

Alcohol antibacteriano

Las levaduras llevan en la Tierra cientos de millones de años. ¿Qué hacían antes de que las domesticáramos?

Sabemos que viajan en las patas e intestinos de avispas, moscas y otros insectos, entre ellas la mosca de la fruta, Drosophila melanogaster. Sobreviven durante el invierno como parte de la microbiota intestinal de estos insectos. Y cuando llega el momento de la maduración de la fruta o se encuentran cualquier mosto rico en azúcares, las golosas moscas y avispas transportan a enormes distancias a las levaduras (bueno, enormes para ellas, que tienen el tamaño de un glóbulo rojo) y las inoculan con su saliva y con sus patas en las frutas.

Pero justo ahí se encuentran con terribles competidores con un metabolismo mucho más rápido: las bacterias. Por suerte, la naturaleza es inmensamente sabia, y las levaduras convierten los azúcares, según los consumen, en un poderoso producto antibacteriano: el alcohol etílico, un desinfectante y antiséptico que mantiene a raya a bacterias y virus.

Por lo tanto, la fermentación alcohólica es una estrategia de supervivencia que permite a estos pequeños hongos competir en su nicho. Utilizándolas para fabricar cerveza o vino la especie humana es, sencillamente, una oportunista que ha domesticado esta fermentación alcohólica, tan importante en nuestra cultura gastronómica.The Conversation

Víctor Jiménez Cid, Catedrático en el área de Microbiología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Este artículo fue publicado originalmente en The Conversation. Lea el original.

 

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Goodman & Moynihan: No, Donald…

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Take him away
The Scottsboro Boys were victims of racism; Trump, conversely, has long been known for his racism.

No, Donald, you’re not being persecuted like the Scottsboro Boys

by Amy Goodman and Denis Moynihan — Democracy Now! and Common Dreams

“War Is Peace, Freedom Is Slavery, Ignorance Is Strength.” So wrote George Orwell in 1984, his famous dystopian novel about authoritarianism. The book gave us the term “Orwellian,” describing situations where facts are ignored, truth is turned on its head, and 2+2=5. Now, almost 75 years after its publication, the United States is confronting its own brush with authoritarianism, by prosecuting former President Donald Trump for his attempt to seize power after losing the 2020 election.

One of Trump’s recent federal court filings is truly Orwellian. Trump was trying to delay his trial by almost three years. The filing compares Trump, a self-proclaimed billionaire, to the Scottsboro Boys, nine Black youths who suffered one of the most notoriously racist judicial persecutions in US history,

On March 25, 1931, a freight train was passing through Alabama en route from Chattanooga to Memphis. Two white women on the train, 23-year-old Victoria Price and 17-year-old Ruby Bates, accused a group of Black youths of gang raping them. Aged 12 to 20, they were arrested and hauled to jail in nearby Scottsboro, Alabama. A mob formed outside the jail, hoping to lynch the accused. Fortunately for the prisoners, both the sheriff and Alabama’s governor were opposed to lynching. The governor ordered the Alabama National Guard to surround the jail.

Retired California Superior Court Judge LaDoris Hazzard Cordell called Trump’s failed comparison to the Scottsboro Boys “stunningly stupid” on CNN

While protected from the mob, the Scottsboro Boys had no defense against Alabama’s deeply racist justice system. The day after their arrest, all nine were indicted. Two weeks later, eight of the Scottsboro Boys had been tried, found guilty, and sentenced to death. Their ordeal continued for decades. Ruby Bates subsequently recanted her accusation and testified on behalf of the nine. Two appeals made it to the US Supreme Court, resulting in remarkable rulings that set the standards for requiring effective counsel and adequate time to prepare a defense, and barring racist exclusion of people of color from juries.

Which brings us to Donald Trump. On August 1, Trump was indicted on four counts related to his efforts to overturn his 2020 election loss—including the charge of conspiracy against rights, originally enacted in 1870 to prosecute the Ku Klux Klan for denying freed Black citizens their right to vote. Special Counsel Jack Smith asked for the trial to begin in January, 2024.

Trump’s lawyers countered with a request to delay his trial until April, 2026. In their court filing, they invoked the Scottsboro Boys’ Supreme Court decision, Powell v. Alabama, in which the Court ruled that the scandalously fast pace of their arrest and sentencing to death, along with the shoddy legal representation they received, were unconstitutional.

In rejecting Trump’s outlandish request, US District Judge Tanya Chutkan said, “Many cases are unduly delayed because a defendant lacks adequate representation or cannot properly review discovery because they are detained. That is not the case here.”

Retired California Superior Court Judge LaDoris Hazzard Cordell called Trump’s failed comparison to the Scottsboro Boys “stunningly stupid” on CNN.

Anthony Michael Kreis, assistant professor of law at Georgia State University, said on the Democracy Now! news hour, “The important lesson from the Scottsboro Boys case is that in Alabama in the early 1930s, you had powers that be who used the criminal justice system in order to reinforce white supremacy—all-white juries, rushed sham trials, lack of criminal process and procedure. That’s just not what’s happening here in Washington, DC, in the special counsel’s case at all. Donald Trump has been afforded every opportunity to have a robust defense.”

The Scottsboro Boys were victims of racism. Trump, conversely, has long been known for his racism, from discriminating against people of color as prospective tenants in the 1970s, to calling for the execution of the wrongfully accused Central Park Five in a full-page newspaper ad. Trump refused to apologize or retract his demand, despite their exoneration after spending years in prison. In 2017, he referred to the white supremacist mob in Charlottesville, Virginia, including Klansmen and neo-Nazis, as “very fine people.”

The Scottsboro Boys were falsely accused of rape, and had their lives ruined. Trump has been accused of sexual misconduct, sexual assault, or rape by no less than 26 women, and has so far avoided any consequences save a recent $5 million civil court verdict finding he had sexually abused writer E. Jean Carroll.

Clarence Norris was the sole living Scottsboro Boy to receive a pardon, in 1976. He died in 1989. In 2013, the remaining Scottsboro Boys received posthumous pardons from the State of Alabama. Their story of justice denied and delayed belongs in every school curriculum, not purged with Black history as is happening in red states from Arkansas to Florida. The Scottsboro Boys have no place, however, in cynical, Orwellian court filings from criminal defendants like Donald Trump.

 

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Beluche: A treaty, a proposed law and contracts put out on Panama

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SUNTRACS
Yesterday there were the first reports of the militant SUNTRACS construction workers’ union blocking traffic over the copper mine contract issue. We deal with working people who may have little formal education, but do have good senses of history and economic bottom lines. SUNTRACS photo.

The “Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty” of the 21st century

by Olmedo Beluche

Many people who have read the contract with the Minera Panamá company (First Quantum Minerals) have defined it as the “Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty” of the 21st century, alluding to the treaty by which the Canal Zone was imposed on us in 1903, by which the country saw its main resource for national sovereignty cut off. They are absolutely right to think so. More than a hundred years later, history repeats itself whereby a handful of “Panamanians,” in exchange for a few crumbs, give up almost in “perpetuity” (40 years and extendable) our sovereignty over the country’s main mineral resource.

This is a point at which, if we care to learn, the coming and going of events allows us to look at a present event in a way that we can understand another similar one that happened in the past — and vice versa. The past, when properly studied, helps us to understand what is happening in the present moment. This reflection that goes back and forth from the present to the past and back to the present shows that history is indeed useful for decision-making.

The mining contract under debate, like the Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty, is intended to be imposed without the Panamanian people, nor even the legislators, being able to change even a comma. As in 1903, when Theodore Roosevelt threatened Colombia with serious consequences if it refused to approve the treaty.

The consequence was the separation of Panama from Colombia by the force of US arms. Now this Canadian company — with Korean and Chinese stakeholders in the mix — is threatening international lawsuits that would be onerous for this country. For this reason, the current Cabinet Council approved the contract without conditions, and it expects the National Assembly to do so, as the Provisional Government Junta, chaired by José A. Arango, did with the treaty signed on November 18, 1903.

Then and now, a treaty that has been negotiated between “interested” parties in violation of any “conflict of interest” principle: in 1903, the treaty negotiators were interested parties (shareholders in the French canal company), William Cromwell and Philippe Buanu-Varilla, and the employees of the Railroad Company (managed by Cromwell), Manuel Amador Guerrero and José A. Arango. Now, negotiating on behalf of First Quantum, the Morgan y Morgan law firm, with government agents linked to the mining sector, such as Gaby Carrizo and Federico Alfaro Boyd (with relatives in Morgan y Morgan).

The Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty handed over thousands of square kilometers to the United States “as if they were sovereign” with the excuse of the construction and operation of the canal, with the “right” to dispose of the waters of the basin and to expropriate land, manage ports and produce electricity. Similar terms to those established in the currently proposed contract with Minera Panamá, giving it “rights” over land, water, ports and expropriation of land that they deem necessary. It only needs to say “as if they were sovereign.” But you don’t need to say that because it follows if the contract says that national authorities can only gain access the mine with permission from its managers.

As in 1903, many Panamanians are led to believe that thanks to this agreement we will live in prosperity and that money will rain down like manna to solve many problems such as the miserable pensions and the retirement program of the Insurance Fund. Social. Likewise, many believed that with the canal in the hands of the gringos we would bathe in wealth. The reality showed that the $250,000 that the gringos paid in annual rent was a crumb, not enough at all compared to the millions that they made off of the canal.

The inhabitants of the transit zone were led to believe that they would be the first beneficiaries of the canal in 1903, but then what they received was expropriation of their houses and lands, and expulsion from the Canal Zone starting in 1915. People lost everything in exchange for nothing

Now it’s the same. They sell to the inhabitants of Donoso and northern Coclé the idea that the mine will share its wealth with them. In the end they will be the most affected by pollution, deforestation and the loss of their rivers and lands.

In 1903 the entire Panamanian oligarchy, the business elite and the media unconditionally supported the Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty and accused those who opposed it of being “unpatriotic.” They pointed their fingers at Belisario Porras and Juan B. Pérez y Soto (whom they prevented from returning to the Isthmus), The Liberal guerrilla general Victoriano Lorenzo was shot a few months before and that was held out as a warning to those who opposed.

Today they accuse the workers, teachers, youth and students who oppose the mining agreement of being “communists” and send out the riot police to suppress them, while the rabiblanco media, APEDE, the Chamber of Commerce and the traditional parties salute First Quantum Minerals.

Although the contract with First Quantum (a/k/a Minera Panamá) is similar to the Hay – Bunau-Varilla Treaty, the outcome of the story does not have to be the same. We do not have to put up with a hundred years of abuse and national opprobrium.

Let’s take to the streets en masse to reject that leonine contract. We demand that the Panamanian people decide whether or not to approve the contract through a plebiscite. Let’s demand that this decision get out of the hands of the deputies of the National Assembly.

 

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Honores para Clara Tristán, egresada de la Escuela de Teatro de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de la Universidad de Panamá

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Clara Tristán
Clara Tristán, trabajando en la tradición de Konstantin Stanislavsky.

Actriz panameña es seleccionada como miembro permanente del Actor’s Studio de Nueva York

por Roberto Enrique King Maldonado

Recientemente el Actor’s Studio de Nueva York, una legendaria asociación estadounidense de máximo prestigio en las artes escénicas a nivel global, anunció la selección como nuevo Miembro Vitalicio de la actriz y gestora cultural panameña, Clara Tristán, quien desde hace varios años se encuentra en dicha ciudad estudiando actuación en dicho centro.

La intérprete panameña es egresada de la Escuela de Teatro de la Facultad de Bellas Artes de la Universidad de Panamá, donde actuó en obras universitarias, para luego incursionar en la actuación profesional en montajes de la Compañía Yorick y Producciones Talingo, entre otras, además de musicales y teatro de improvisación.

En el área de la producción Tristán estuvo involucrada aquí en proyectos de teatro, cine y televisión, fue productora del Primer Festival de Teatro Infantil – FESTÍN y de manera muy especial y comprometida formó parte del equipo principal de producción del Festival Internacional de Artes Escénicas (FAE) en tres ediciones.

El Actor’s Studio cambió la manera de actuar en el mundo con su famoso “Método”, que perfeccionó el profesor y director Lee Strasberg en los años 50 y al que han pertenecido grandes del teatro y el cine como Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, Sissy Spacek, Dustin Hoffman, Shelley Winter y Al Pacino, por lo que resulta un honor para nuestro país la elección de nuestra compatriota como parte de esa exigente organización.

 

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¿Wappin? on Labor Day Weekend / en el fin de semana del Día del Trabajo

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Panamanian diaspora
Sofia Valdés, a Panamanian in the diaspora, in Chicago. Photo from Jonathan Aguilar’s Twitter feed.

Now the Friday playlist gets into September
Ahora la lista de reproducción del viernes llega a septiembre

Karen Peralta & Daniela Vergara – Popurrí de Tambor Norte
https://youtu.be/i-BQZfbICxM?si=brfvc-sV9HPx5E4P

Bob Dylan – Hurricane
https://youtu.be/voH11xV4AKI?si=sfNx6UM4pdNIxyDC

Mon Laferte En Directo 2020
https://youtu.be/qN5sx1mOrlw?si=GaxlB0FiypbZBiMp

Hoyt Axton & Renee Armand – Boney Fingers
https://youtu.be/V1sSAqJ-mg0?si=cptI1TToIb7FPShL

Miles Davis et al – Time After Time
https://youtu.be/VLEj7E8ORU4?si=q5GVFfxVPJodeEhI

Cyndi Lauper – Live in Yokohama 1991
https://youtu.be/qmxqHenaFhA?si=dE4PpabWdpGZV1cv

Billy Bragg – Never Buy The Sun
https://youtu.be/6uWw7kuiCss?si=uGZRHYWi641Rzue1

Natalie Merchant – Keep Your Courage album
https://youtu.be/z_Zsku7Cqw8?si=mcvB8MUemHLDVIbE

Sofía Valdés – Little Did I Know
https://youtu.be/qOKS7qN0who?si=myAgiRGaeb5uBjaW

Neil Young & Crazy Horse – F*cking Up
https://youtu.be/SS3PrUoFb5M?si=vwZlhhy68DvdioQw

Zahara at the 7th EMY Africa Awards
https://youtu.be/pk5RXddQcik?si=B95LSWbPPMGKZQTh

Romeo Santos – Solo Conmigo
https://youtu.be/69ppp5Ipook?si=zTXgFy6nFq56DYuI

Jazz Effects de Panamá – Punta de lanza Manhattan
https://youtu.be/ZB1OiepkOLs?si=WXWOcud3Bm1f3xVv

 

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Cohen, Set aside the legalization argument: pot is still a risky vice

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sacred ganja weed -- which Rastafari did not smoke
The sacred ganja weed – which Rastafari, who owned a brewery, did not smoke. Shutterstock by pxfuel.

Cannabis smoke shares many of the same toxins and carcinogens as tobacco smoke.

Many people think cannabis smoke is harmless − a physician explains how that belief can put people at risk

by Beth Cohen, University of California, San Francisco

Though tobacco use is declining among adults in the United States, cannabis use is increasing. Laws and policies regulating the use of tobacco and cannabis are also moving in different directions.

Tobacco policies are becoming more restrictive, with bans on smoking in public places and limits on sales, such as statewide bans on flavored products. In contrast, more states are legalizing cannabis for medical or recreational use, and there are efforts to allow exceptions for cannabis in smoke-free laws.

These changes mean an increasing number of people are likely to get exposed to cannabis smoke. But how safe is direct and secondhand cannabis smoke?

I am a primary care doctor and researcher in a state where cannabis is now legal for medical and recreational use. My colleagues and I were interested in how opinions about tobacco and cannabis smoke safety have been changing during this time of growing cannabis use and marketing.


An increasing number of states have legalized recreational use of marijuana.

In our survey of over 5,000 US adults in 2017, 2020 and 2021, we found that people increasingly felt that exposure to cannabis smoke was safer than tobacco smoke. In 2017, 26% of people thought that it was safer to smoke a cannabis joint than a cigarette daily. In 2021, over 44% chose cannabis as the safer option. People were similarly more likely to rate secondhand cannabis smoke as being “completely safe” compared with tobacco smoke, even for vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women.

Despite these views, emerging research raises concerns about the health effects of cannabis smoke exposure.

Do opinions on cannabis match the science?

Decades of research and hundreds of studies have linked tobacco smoke to multiple types of cancer and to cardiovascular disease. However, far fewer studies have been done on the long-term effects of cannabis smoke. Since cannabis remains illegal at the federal level, it is more challenging for scientists to study.

It has been particularly hard to study health outcomes that may take a long time and heavier exposure to develop. Recent reviews of research on cannabis and cancer or cardiovascular disease found those studies inadequate because they contained relatively few people with heavy exposure, didn’t follow people for a long enough time or didn’t properly account for cigarette smoking.

Many advocates point to the lack of clear findings on negative health effects of cannabis smoke exposure as proof of its harmlessness. However, my colleagues and I feel that this is an example of the famous scientific quote that “absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.”

Scientists have identified hundreds of chemicals in both cannabis and tobacco smoke, and they share many of the same carcinogens and toxins. Combustion of tobacco and cannabis, whether by smoking or vaping, also releases particles that can be inhaled deep into the lungs and cause tissue damage.

Animal studies on the effects of secondhand tobacco and cannabis smoke show similar concerning effects on the cardiovascular system. These include impairments in blood vessel dilation, increased blood pressure and reduced heart function.

Though more research is needed to determine the risk of lung cancer, heart attacks and strokes posed by cannabis smoke, what is already known has raised concerns among public health agencies.

Hands of two people passing a joint between each otherPerceptions of the safety of cannabis determine how it is used and regulated. Jamie Grill/Tetra images via Getty Images.

Why do opinions on cannabis matter?

How people perceive the safety of cannabis has important implications for its use and public policy. Researchers know from studying cannabis and other substances that if people think something is less risky, they are more likely to use it. Opinions on cannabis safety will also shape medical and recreational cannabis use laws and other policies, such as whether cannabis smoke will be treated like tobacco smoke or whether exceptions will be made in smoke-free air laws.

Part of the complexity in decisions about cannabis use is that, unlike tobacco, clinical trials have demonstrated that cannabis can have benefits in certain settings. These include managing specific types of chronic pain, reducing nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and increasing appetite and weight gain in those with HIV/AIDS. Notably, many of these studies were not based on smoked or vaped cannabis.

Unfortunately, though Googling cannabis will return thousands of hits about the health benefits of cannabis, many of these claims aren’t supported by scientific research.

I encourage people who want to learn more about the potential benefits and risks of cannabis to talk to health care providers or seek sources that present an unbiased view of the scientific evidence. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health has a good overview of studies on cannabis for treatment of a variety of medical conditions, as well as information about potential risks.The Conversation

Beth Cohen, Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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UN Human Rights: Hundreds of thousands of people are being forcibly engaged by organized criminal gangs into online criminality in Southeast Asia – from romance-investment scams & crypto fraud to illegal gambling – a report issued today by UN Human Rights shows.

Hundreds of thousands trafficked to
work as online scammers in SE Asia

by the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

Hundreds of thousands of people are being forcibly engaged by organized criminal gangs into online criminality in Southeast Asia – from romance-investment scams and crypto fraud to illegal gambling 

a report issued today by the UN Human Rights Office shows.

Victims face a range of serious violations and abuses, including threats to their safety and security; and many have been subjected to torture and cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment, arbitrary detention, sexual violence, forced labor, and other human rights abuses, the report says.

“People who are coerced into working in these scamming operations endure inhumane treatment while being forced to carry out crimes. They are victims. They are not criminals,” said UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk.

“In continuing to call for justice for those who have been defrauded through online criminality, we must not forget that this complex phenomenon has two sets of victims.”

The enormity of online scam trafficking in Southeast Asia is difficult to estimate, the reports says, because of the clandestine nature and gaps in the official response. Credible sources indicate that at least 120,000 people across Myanmar may be held in situations where they are forced to carry out online scams, with estimates in Cambodia similarly at around 100,000. Other States in the region, including Lao PDR, the Philippines and Thailand, have also been identified as main countries of destination or transit where at least tens of thousands of people have been involved.

The scam centers generate revenue amounting to billions of US dollars each year.

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated response measures had a drastic impact on illicit activities across the region. Public health measures closed casinos in many countries and in response, casino operators moved operations to less regulated spaces including conflict-affected border areas and Special Economic Zones, as well as to the increasingly lucrative online space, the report says.

Faced with new operational realities, criminal actors increasingly targeted migrants in vulnerable situations – who were stranded in these countries and out of work due to border and business closures for recruitment into criminal operations, under the pretense of offering them real jobs. As COVID-related shutdowns saw millions of people restricted to their homes, spending more time online, there were more ready targets for online fraud schemes and more people susceptible to fraudulent recruitment.

Most people trafficked into the online scam operations are men, although women and adolescents are also among the victims, the report says. Most are not citizens of the countries in which the trafficking occurs. Many of the victims are well-educated, sometimes coming from professional jobs or with graduate or even post-graduate degrees, computer-literate and multi-lingual. Victims come from across the ASEAN region (from Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam), as well as mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, South Asia, and even further afield from Africa and Latin America.

While some countries in Southeast Asia have put in place legal and policy frameworks relevant to counter trafficking, in some cases they fall short of international standards. In many cases their implementation has failed to respond adequately to the context and sophistication of these online scams, the report says.

Victims of trafficking and other human rights abuse are erroneously identified as criminals or as immigration offenders and, rather than being protected and given access to the rehabilitation and remedy they need, they are subjected to criminal prosecution or immigration penalties, it says.

“All affected States need to summon the political will to strengthen human rights and improve governance and the rule of law, including through serious and sustained efforts to tackle corruption. This must be as much a part of the response to these scams as a robust criminal justice response,” said Türk.

“Only such a holistic approach can break the cycle of impunity and ensure protection and justice for the people who have been so horrifically abused.”

To read the report, click here.

 

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