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Justo Arosemena Quezada, jurist, governor in the Colombian era, father of our nation.
This Lawyers Day
by Miguel Antonio Bernal V.
Today, August 9, is commemorated in our Panama, the 206th birthday of Don Justo Arosemena Quesada, Father of our Nation, consecrated jurist and, above all, a great Panamanian.
That is why I consider it propitious, when greeting the lawyers on their day, to reproduce the prayer “Our Father Don Justo” by the distinguished educator and first rector of the University of Panama, Octavio Méndez Pereira:
“Our Father, Don Justo, who art in the heavens of spotless example: Well mentioned be your name!… Not for the concealment of guilty intentions, nor for the routine of memory without emulation, but as a watchword hidden away from a Better Panama.
Come to us, at last, the Republic, ‘a shrewd and cordial one’ because you suffered. Your will of justice and decorum, love and duty be done, with which you gave birth in America to another homeland without a master.
The bread of the Panamanians, the usurped land, the security that we lost, teach us to rescue it, because you said that a people that did not own its own property could not have freedom or justice. Give us the sense of the earth and the horizon, you who were a master of wing and root.
Forgive us, Oh, Father Don Justo!, our old debts of self-sacrifice and public zeal, the submissive laxity with which we contemplated your undone ideal for so long; not having known how to always be, in your image and likeness, tenacious in faith and in longing, sure that triumph is always given to the entire effort.
Forgive us our anger, just as we forgive those who turn their anger against us; but watch that all passions fertilize in a nobler Panama.
Don’t let us fall, Father Don Justo, into the temptation of mercenary comfort or unworthy patience. Deliver us from the evil of living without spirit and without desire for the Nation, without commitment to greater justice for all, attentive only to individual benefit.
Make us one, cordial and sagacious, because the Homeland that you conceived is so.”
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Humans have physically reconfigured half of the world’s land to grow just eight staple crops: maize (corn), soy, wheat, rice, cassava, sorghum, sweet potato and potato. They account for the vast majority of calories that people around the world consume. As global population rises, there’s pressure to expand production even further.
Corn’s evolution into a global commodity shows how industrialized agriculture has transformed farming.
How can societies develop a food system that meets their needs and is also more healthy and diverse? It has proved hard to scale up alternative methods, such as organic farming, as broadly as industrial agriculture.
Modern agriculture intensified over just a few decades in the mid-20th century – a blink of an eye in human history. Technological improvements led the way, including the development of synthetic fertilizer and statistical methods that improved plant breeding.
These advances made it possible for farms to produce much larger quantities of food, but at the expense of the environment. Large-scale agriculture has helped drive climate change, polluted lakes and bays with nutrient runoff and accelerated species losses by turning natural landscapes into monoculture crop fields.
Many US farmers and agricultural researchers would like to grow a wider range of crops and use more sustainable farming methods. But it’s hard for them to figure out what new systems could perform well, especially in a changing climate. Lower-impact farming systems often require deep local knowledge, plus an encyclopedic understanding of plants, weather and climate modeling, geology and more.
That’s where our new approach comes in.
Monoculture farming, like this Iowa soybean field shown during harvest, has contributed to the decline
of bees and other pollinators by reducing their food sources. Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Farms as state spaces
When computer scientists think about complex problems, they often use a concept called a state space. This approach mathematically represents all of the possible ways in which a system can be configured. Moving through the space entails making choices, and those choices change the state of the system, for better or worse.
As an example, consider a game of chess with a board and two players. Each configuration of the board at a moment in time is a single state of the game. When a player makes a move, it shifts the game to another state.
The whole game can be described by its “state space” – all possible states the game could be in through valid moves the players make. During the game, each player is searching for states that are better for them.
We can think of an agricultural system as a state space in a particular ecosystem. A farm and its layout of plant species at any moment in time represent one state in that state space. The farmer is searching for better states and trying to avoid bad ones.
Both humans and nature shift the farm from one state to another. On any given day, the farmer might do a dozen different things on the land, such as tilling, planting, weeding, harvesting or adding fertilizer. Nature causes minor state transitions, such as plants growing and rain falling, and much more dramatic state transitions during natural disasters such as floods or wildfires.
Climate change is altering the zones in which major crops like corn and wheat can be grown, reducing yields in some cases and increasing them in others.
Finding synergies
Viewing an agricultural system as a state space makes it possible to broaden choices for farmers beyond the limited options today’s farming systems offer.
Individual farmers don’t have the time or ability to do trial and error for years on their land. But a computing system can draw on agricultural knowledge from many different environments and schools of thought to play a metaphorical chess game with nature that helps farmers identify the best options for their land.
Conventional agriculture limits farmers to a few choices of plant species, farming methods and inputs. Our framework makes it possible to consider higher-level strategies, such as growing multiple crops together or finding management techniques that are best suited to a particular piece of land. Users can search the state space to consider what mix of methods, species and locales could achieve those goals.
For example, if a scientist wants to test five crop rotations – raising planned sequences of crops on the same fields – that each last four years, growing seven plant species, that represents 721 potential rotations. Our approach could use information from long-term ecological research to help find the best potential systems to test.
One area where we see great potential is intercropping – growing different plants in a mixture or close together. Many combinations of specific plants have long been known to grow well together, with each plant helping the others in some way.
The most familiar example is the “three sisters” – maize, squash and beans – developed by Indigenous farmers of the Americas. Corn stalks act as trellises for climbing bean vines, while squash leaves shade the ground, keeping it moist and preventing weeds from sprouting. Bacteria on the bean plants’ roots provide nitrogen, an essential nutrient, to all three plants.
Cultures throughout human history have had their own favored intercropping systems with similar synergies, such as tumeric and mango or millet, cowpea and ziziphus, commonly known as red date. And new work on agrivoltaics shows that combining solar panels and farming can work surprisingly well: The panels partially shade crops that grow underneath them, and farmers earn extra income by producing renewable energy on their land.
Modeling alternative farm strategies
We are working to turn our framework into software that people can use to model agriculture as state spaces. The goal is to enable users to consider alternative designs based upon their intuition, minimizing the costly trial and error that’s now required to test out new ideas in farming.
Today’s approaches largely model and pursue optimizations of existing, often unsustainable systems of agriculture. Our framework enables discovery of new systems of agriculture and then optimization within those new systems.
Users also will be able to specify their objectives to an artificial intelligence-based agent that can perform a search of the farm state space, just as it might search the state space of a chessboard to pick winning moves.
Modern societies have access to many more plant species and much more information about how different species and environments interact than they did a century ago. In our view, agricultural systems aren’t doing enough to leverage all that knowledge. Combining it computationally could help make agriculture more productive, healthy and sustainable in a rapidly changing world.
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March for Our Lives 2018. Wikimedia photo by Ziggyfan23.
Florida book ban has come for Shakespeare and far-right leaders are happy
a letter from a member of Miami’s Cuban community
To be educated, to be free
José Martí
On January 26, experienced journalist Eileen Cardet talked about banned books in public schools. She said banned books were “casi pornográficos”, which means “almost pornographic,” but although sevent months almost have passed, Univision has not explained the reasons why the Spanish-language mammoth corporation TelevisaUnivision considers that banned books in public schools are almost pornographic.
As you can check at the end of this email, on several occasions I have asked to Gerardo Reyes, who is Director of Univision Investiga, Claudia Puig, who is the President and General Manager of Univision Communications, and Jorge Ramos, who is a “Special Editorial Advisor to the CEO’ of TelevisaUnivision, that they told me how they come to conclusion that “banned books in public schools are almost pornographic,” but they still don’t answer me.
Is this how a journalist acts?
In an effort to comply with a controversial law instated by Florida Governor Ron DeSantis and the state legislature, the school district in Florida’s fourth-most populous county is restricting teachers from teaching the full works of Shakespeare, according to a report from the Tampa Bay Times published on Monday. Violation of the law can result in a school district being ordered to pay “damages and reasonable attorney fees and court costs.”
Even Fox News reported, “Florida school district curbs Shakespeare works in classrooms with concerns ‘raunchiness’ violates state law,” but Florida’s Hispanics who don’t have internet service don’t know either that information.
Florida teachers are only going to use certain sections of William Shakespeare’s works in their classes, cutting out any content that could be deemed to conflict with the state’s new laws. The Parental Rights in Education Act, nicknamed the ‘Don’t Say Gay’ law, was signed by DeSantis in 2022 and was originally written to, in part, prevent public school teachers from discussing gender identity and sexual orientation with students between kindergarten and third grade. DeSantis and the legislature expanded on the legislation in 2023, broadening its scope to students below kindergarten age and up to those in eighth grade.
In addition to expanding which age groups the law covers, the expansion allows parents to object to any books or classroom materials that “depicts or describes sexual conduct.” After an objection is made by a parent, the materials are required to be gone in five days “and remain unavailable to students of that school until the objection is resolved.”
Students in Hillsborough County will still learn passages from Shakespeare’s classics, such as Macbeth, Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet, but if they wish to read the full text they will have to do it out of school hours.
Associated Press reported on May 17, almost three months ago: Manuel Castro-Rodríguez
PEN America, Penguin Random House sue Florida school district over book bans
Writers’ group PEN America and publisher Penguin Random House sued a Florida school district Wednesday over its removal of books about race and LGBTQ+ identities, the latest opposition to a policy central to Gov. Ron DeSantis’ agenda as he prepares to run for president.
The federal lawsuit alleges the Escambia County School District and its School Board are violating the First Amendment through the removal of 10 books from library shelves.
The case does not name DeSantis as a defendant though the Republican governor has championed policies that allow the censorship and challenging of books based on whether they are appropriate for children in schools, causing national uproar.
DeSantis, who is expected to announce his presidential candidacy in the coming days, has leaned heavily into cultural divides on race, sexual orientation and gender as he moves to win support from conservative voters who decide Republican primary elections.
‘Books have the capacity to change lives for the better, and students in particular deserve equitable access to a wide range of perspectives. Censorship, in the form of book bans like those enacted by Escambia County, are a direct threat to democracy and our Constitutional rights,’ Nihar Malaviya, CEO of Penguin Random House, said in a statement.
…”
But Florida’s Hispanics who don’t have internet service don’t know either that information because complicity from journalists who work at Miami’s Spanish-language stations with MAGA Republicans continues — does anyone doubt it?
Journalists who work at Univision and América TeVé have been very busy interviewing far-right leaders, but concealed from their audiences that their guests are enemies of democracy. For example,
Ms. María Herrera Mellado is the representative of the Spain’s far-right Vox party in Florida since 2019. For three months she has been a regular figure at TV network Univision, which is a leader in disinformation targeted at America’s Latino communities.
Mr. Eduardo Verástegui, who is a Mexican far-right leader. Although Mr. Verástegui has excellent relations with the Spain’s far-right Vox party and Telemundo reported on September 8, 2021, “¿Eduardo Verástegui dice que el temblor en México es un castigo por despenalizar el aborto?”, the Spanish-language mammoth corporation TelevisaUnivision continues concealed from their audience who really is Mr. Eduardo Verástegui — anyone surprised?
Can liberal democracy survive if journalists don’t do their job well?
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The deceased loan shark Abel Gallardo at his “other job” in his drag racing car “The Punisher.” Photo from Gallardo’s Facebook page.
Homicide suggests public corruption, highlights labor relations crisis, partisan ties
by Eric Jackson
Abel Augusto Gallardo Castañeda was by vocation a loan shark – a “prestamista” in Panamanian Spanish, an occupation that’s tolerated as more or less legal here. Another of Galllardo’s occupations was as race car driver, pilot of “The Punisher” at event in Panama and in nearby countries. On August 3 in Chitre he was found dead of gunshots in a car.
Some reports tell of a minor girl found alive and unpunctured by projectiles in the vehicle in which the suspect delivered Gallardo’s body and himself to police, but Panamanian laws and a culture that respects certain things limit the publication of details about that part of the story. One need not have a particularly vivid imagination to understand the shock, trauma and nightmares that a kid would likely experience from that scene.
Less taboo is discussion of the man accused of killing Gallardo. Jailed without bail on a murder charge is one Carlos Cabrera Tello. Police and prosecutors say that it was about a debt owed to Gallardo, but the investigation has shone a light into the loan shark’s precise business.
Panamanian government entities are noticeably slow to pay people and companies to whom or which money is owed. There tend to be pecking orders about who gets paid when – among professionals, new teachers and medical interns and residents have to wait longer. With companies – well, isn’t that most of the reason for the existence of “factoring?” There are banks that lend to government contractors to stay operational through the payment delays, and then there were the notorious New Business and Blue Apple operations, according to prosecutors factoring companies on the surface but for the most part fronts to gather and redirect kickbacks from overpriced government contracts. Former president Ricardo Martinelli Berrocal just got a more than 10-year prison sentence in the New Business affair.
But as to medical interns and residents? La Prensa describes as typical the loan shark taking a quarter of what the young professionals would have coming.
AND, very important in this moment of labor troubles at the nation’s public hospitals.See, Mr. Cabrera was the head of payroll for the Ministry of Health in the province of Herrera. He had an arrangement with Mr. Gallardo by which the paychecks owed to the interns and residents who got advances from the loan shark were paid not through the physicians in training, but directly to Gallardo.
Consider the possibile conflicts of interest. The planilla guy has a deal with the prestamista, and abuses his discretion to force the employees into the arms of loan sharks. In Panama there is no general conflict of interest law so this sort of stuff would be theoretically “legal.”
According to what Cabrera reportedly told police when he turned himself in, in an argument with Gallardo over a loan made personally to Cabrera, Gallardo pulled out a gun to threaten Cabrera, Cabrera moved to wrestle the weapon away from the loan shark and in the struggle Gallardo was shot to death. Good forensic examination of both parties to the alleged struggle and the weapon will often confirm or refute a story like the one that Cabrera tells. And then, was this mystery girl a witness to the shooting?
A homicide case for lawyers to argue. But ALSO, whether or not there are specific penal laws on point, an inflammatory labor relations situation and an important public administration question were raised.
A government ministry directly paying loan sharks instead of those who worked for that ministry? A person with discretion that could affect the interposition of loan sharks in the first place overseeing such transactions?
With interns and residents walking out here and there over being overworked, underpaid and paid late, and having to work in facilities short on supplies, yet another angle to the story arises.
You see, Carlos Cabrera is an elected delegate to PRD conventions. He’s also hoping to be designated by the PRD as its candidate for representante of Chitre’s corregimiento of Monagrillo.
Mobbed-up PRD politics to the detriment of government workers, and a PRD activist who killed somebody seeking impunity? Those may or may not be precise and fair descriptions of what happened, but those will be projected as the political optics in the run-up to Panama’s 2024 elections.
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El gobierno dice que está trabajando en el problema. Dice el Ministro de Gobierno Roger Alberto Tejada: “Aumentaremos el monto de inversión para cumplir con los proyectos previamente acordados, con esto se detiene el cierre de calles.” Esta es una foto del Ministerio de Obras Públicas de los trabajos en una vía de 21 kilómetros en el distrito de KanKintú de la comarca.
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Well, if the government actually gets paid what is promised, and a future government decides to spend that revenue as the present government is promising – but then, as to this mining concessionaires and its predecessors, the Panamanian people have never been paid what we have been led to believe would be paid.
Failed gold mines with abandoned toxic messes, from which the only really profitable business was swindling investors with dizzying dreams of golden splendor and undisclosed insider trades. Promises of well-paid jobs, from which social security taxes were deducted from paychecks and pocketed by owners, then abrupt layoffs when the schemes collapsed. Forests felled, their wildlife routed, streams muddied, huge gashes in the land – and an accounting system that considers that there is no economic cost to any of that.
Now a proposed contract that gives the company control of that part of the national airspace, so that nobody can fly a helicopter or drone into a position to see what’s going on – what devastation, what pollution, what’s being dug up and carried away. It’s all very convenient for the purpose of cheating us without anyone being the wiser.
Now they promise the least educated among us that their scheme will let the poor eat in their old age. Well, IF….
Also not counted is the politicians’ cut of the action if they manage to approve this noxious contract.
The monstrosity should be rejected, and any elected official who votes for it should be rejected at the polls. It really is a matter of national dignity to be that emphatic about it.
Photo from Megan Rapinoe’s Facebook page.
She missed a shot, and set an example of decency
The lady dyes her hair unnatural colors, has tattoos, is married to another woman and supports causes like voting rights and economic equality for women that are anathema to the far rigiht elements in the USA.
But, now taking her retirement from professional soccer just a few games earlier than she had hoped, Megan Rapinoe bows out having missed a critical penalty kick against a very good and very stubborn Swedish team. She led the US women’s soccer team to two straight World Cup wins, but the unprecedented third straight cup was not to be. She tried to tuck the ball just under the bar, but was a few inches too high.
And she took it in stride, with good humor and perfect sportswomanship. She did not call on her fans to riot. She did not spin conspiracy theories about how she was cheated. She walked off to whatever the rest of her life holds for her with her head held high.
Donald Trump – an actual criminal – and his acolyte commentariat threw a fit, questioning her patriotism, her honesty, her worth as a human being. They will certainly redouble their efforts to keep the book that she has written out of public libraries and especially school libraries. “Get woke, go broke” they pleaded to the billionaires who control most of the US economy, hoping to land Rapinoe on all sorts of blacklists.
But you know what? For every one of those braying asses there are many Americans who are disappointed about that penalty kick but proud of what Megan Rapinoe has done to elevate the status of American women, both as an athlete and as an involved public citizen.
Detail from a 1901 self-portrait.
Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist once he grows up.
Pablo Picasso
Bear in mind…
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder and it may be necessary from time to time to give a stupid or misinformed beholder a black eye.
Miss Piggy
And thus I arrive at the foundation of my theory about art as a vehicle for dissent: the fury and purity of the creator’s need to say something motivates the work, but he forms it from logic and craft and honesty and when the propaganda value has faded into last week’s imperative, the art remains behind and stands on its own merits.
Harlan Ellison
We are so vain that we even care for the opinion of those we don’t care for.
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“Believers of proactive nuclear deterrence, who say nuclear weapons are indispensable to maintain peace, are only delaying the progress toward nuclear disarmament,” Hiroshima’s governor added. Hiroshima in ruins, August 1945. Photo from the Truman Library.
On 78th anniversary of Hiroshima bombing, mayor decries ‘folly’ of deterrence theory
by Olivia Rosane — Common Dreams
Local, national, and global leaders warned of the dangers of nuclear weapons as they commemorated the 78th anniversary of the dropping of an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima Sunday.
This year’s anniversary comes as the release of the film Oppenheimer has offered a high-profile reminder of the history of the atomic bomb and as nuclear tensions in the current day have heightened, in part due to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. At the start of the year, the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists moved their doomsday clock to 90 seconds to midnight.
“Leaders around the world must confront the reality that nuclear threats now being voiced by certain policymakers reveal the folly of nuclear deterrence theory,” Hiroshima Mayor Kazumi Matsui said during his peace address at the commemoration ceremony in Hiroshima Sunday, as The Associated Press reported. “They must immediately take concrete steps to lead us from the dangerous present toward our ideal world.”
When the atomic bomb hit Hiroshima in 1945, it claimed the lives of over 140,000 civilians.
Matsui’s remarks responded in part to the Group of Seven summit in the city in May, during which world leaders put out a statement that anti-nuclear advocates considered a major disappointment.
In that statement, the leaders agreed that no country should use nuclear weapons, but that merely possessing the weapons could still “serve defensive purposes, deter aggression, and prevent war and coercion,” according to AP. Since then, former Russian President and current deputy chair of that country’s Security Council Dmitry Medvedev threatened nuclear war if a NATO-backed Ukrainian offensive reclaims land annexed illegally by Russia.
Hiroshima’s Governor Hidehiko Yuzai agreed with its mayor that deterrence had failed.
“Believers of proactive nuclear deterrence, who say nuclear weapons are indispensable to maintain peace, are only delaying the progress toward nuclear disarmament,” Yuzai said, according to AP.
The United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, at 8:15 am local time. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9. The two bombings killed between 110,000 and 210,000 people, according to the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Those who survived, called hibakusha in Japan, still contend with sickness and injury from the bombings even as they advocate for a nuclear free world, according to AP.
— UNESCO 🏛️ #Education #Sciences #Culture 🇺🇳 (@UNESCO) August 6, 2023
“For 78 years, the city of Hiroshima and the hibakusha have worked tirelessly to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used again,” United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres said in remarks delivered at Sunday’s ceremony by Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for Disarmament Affairs Izumi Nakamitsu.
People began to light candles and incense and pray at a memorial for the victims of the Hiroshima bombings as the sun rose on Sunday, according to The Washington Post. At the exact time of the bombing, a peace bell rang out, followed by a moment of silence, Reuters reported. Around 50,000 people attended the ceremony in 86°F heat.
Among them was Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida, who also called for peace.
“The drums of nuclear war are beating once again.”
“The tragedies of Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused by nuclear weapons must never be repeated,” he said. “As the only country to have experienced the horror of nuclear devastation in war, Japan will press on tirelessly with its efforts to bring about ‘a world without nuclear weapons’ while continuing to firmly uphold the ‘Three Non-Nuclear Principles.'”
Kishida added that this work had become “more difficult,” in part because of disagreements over disarmament and threats from Russia.
“But it is precisely because of these circumstances that it is imperative for us to reinvigorate international momentum once more towards the realization of a ‘world without nuclear weapons,'” he continued.
Kishida has been criticized in Japan by survivors for not signing the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, according to AP. The prime minister, for his part, has argued such an act would not be effective, since no country currently possessing nuclear weapons has signed the agreement.
Guterres, through Nakamitsu, spoke out in favor of the treaty, as well as the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.
“World leaders have visited this city, seen its monuments, spoken with its brave survivors, and emerged emboldened to take up the cause of nuclear disarmament,” Guterres said. “More should do so, because the drums of nuclear war are beating once again.”
And he was clear about what must be done to silence them.
“The only way to eliminate the nuclear risk,” Guterres said, “is to eliminate nuclear weapons.”
People attend the Peace Message Lantern Floating Ceremony at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park to pay tribute to the atomic bomb victims in Hiroshima, Japan, on August 06, 2023. Photo by David Mareuil/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images.
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