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Mulino: Speech to the UN / Discurso a la ONU

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Mulinoo at the UN

Audio track in English.

English summary by the UN:

JOSÉ RAÚL MULINO QUINTERO, President of Panama, said his country faces the immense problem of illegal migration due to its strategic geographic location. This mass movement through the Darien Gap, spearheaded by criminal organizations, is used as passage by hundreds of thousands of migrants — women, children, and elderly people — fleeing serious economic, political and social problems in search of the so-called American dream. Expressing understanding of the “hard decision” people take to migrate and escape the misery and oppression they experience in their place of origin, he said “the vast majority of people want to live, develop, and thrive in the land where they were born”. The causes are known but cannot be addressed alone, especially given the many social and financial problems Panama faces. That is why, he continued, illegal migration through his country — being a huge global problem — should be at the core of discussions at the United Nations.

“We are proud to be a country that connects world trade, but we will not allow ourselves to be used for the transit of illegal immigrants with the corresponding social, human and environmental costs that this entails for our territory,” he said, adding that Panama does not only pay an expensive environmental price for this illegal human flow, but its biodiversity is also severely damaged. Contextualizing the magnitude of the situation, he contrasted the 2023 migration figure of over 500,000 persons — 12 per cent of Panama’s population — through the Darien Gap to the population of the United States and Italy, a fellow victim of illegal migration, revealing that both countries would experience the influx of 40 million and 7 million illegal migrants into their territories at that rate. He lamented the lack of international support on this issue, imploring Member States to appreciate its enormity and offer much needed “concrete cooperation”.

He highlighted political instability as one of the causes of mass migration, the consequences of which is the desertion of citizens — Venezuela being a “concrete example”, with almost 8 million Venezuelans having fled the country. “The latest events in Venezuela have further undermined the country’s tainted institutionality”, he stressed, adding that “the current regime has lost the livelihood of its most fervent defenders in the region or, at best, has received the fragile support of silence”, and will neither leave power nor recognize its defeat. He therefore called on “the relevant organizations to act forcefully against manifestly undemocratic attitudes and behaviours”.

He expressed displeasure over Panama being placed on a list together with “tyrannies that have committed the worst atrocities”, objecting to such labelling. Highlighting the actions his Government has taken, especially in democratic and financial reforms, compliance with international standards of transparency and prevention of money laundering and other organized crime crimes, he insisted that “Panama cannot and should not allow this affront, especially after all the efforts made.” “It is paradoxical, but the nations that approve the inclusion of Panama in these lists use our canal, participate in public tenders, profit from paid consultancies and lobby in favor of their companies to win contracts in our country,” he continued, announcing that companies from such countries that endorse and accompany those lists would be prohibited from participating in international tenders and would not have Panama’s vote in international organizations. He vowed to continue the fight against discrimination of his country.

Texto del discurso en español por la Presidencia:

Señor Presidente
Sus Excelencias Jefes de Estado y de Gobierno
Honorables Jefes de Delegación

Señoras y señores:

Hace poco más de dos meses, asumí la Presidencia de la República de Panamá. En los cinco años que durará mi mandato, tendré que afrontar, en nombre de todos los panameños, grandes retos, varios de ellos que atañen no solo a mi país, sino al hemisferio.

Nuestra privilegiada posición geográfica nos convirtió en el punto de paso y encuentro de las Américas. Tuvimos el primer ferrocarril que une el Atlántico y el Pacífico en nuestro continente, la primera aduana del continente y la primera ciudad española en Tierra Firme. Nuestro Canal y el “hub” aeroportuario nos convierten en socios estratégicos para todos los países del mundo.

En la actualidad, nuestro Canal sirve a un total de 180 rutas marítimas que conectan 1,920 puertos en 170 países, constituyéndose en un gran valor agregado para productos de todo el mundo.

Conscientes de nuestra importancia como lugar de convergencia, nuestras puertas siempre han estado abiertas a todas las nacionalidades que, en buena lid, quieran aprovechar las ventajas competitivas de ser, como dice nuestro escudo, “PRO MUNDI BENEFICIO”.

Pero hoy Panamá enfrenta una inmensa problemática producto de su ubicación estratégica: la inmigración ilegal por la selva del Darién que está siendo utilizada como llave de paso por cientos de miles de migrantes, desde hace tiempo, que huyen de los graves problemas económicos, políticos y sociales en búsqueda del llamado sueño americano.

Conozco ese territorio muy bien, pues hace poco más de una década, cuando fui Ministro de Seguridad de Panamá, lideré las fuerzas que recuperaron el Darién de la narcoguerrilla.

Hoy, genera un dolor inmenso ver el drama social que significa este camino improvisado, que es recorrido por mujeres, niños y personas mayores que inician una travesía inhumana a través de ríos, selvas y lugares inhóspitos a merced de cualquier tipo de riesgo para su integridad.

Ese tránsito de personas es liderado por organizaciones criminales, con base en países vecinos, que reciben dinero maldito para lucrar con la necesidad y la esperanza de miles de seres humanos.

Comprendo de manera cabal la dura decisión de migrar para escapar de la miseria y opresión que viven en su lugar de origen. La gran mayoría de las personas quieren vivir, desarrollarse y progresar en la tierra donde nacieron.

Reitero, las causas son conocidas, pero solos no podemos atenderlas. Ya son demasiados los problemas sociales y financieros que enfrentamos como nación. No disponemos de recursos ni de posibilidades materiales para darle una solución a la crisis migratoria por cuenta propia.

La inmigración ilegal por Panamá es parte de un problema global inmenso y debe ser aquí, en Naciones Unidas, que debe ocupar un lugar de importancia en su agenda.

Estamos orgullosos de ser un país de conexión al comercio mundial, pero no permitiremos ser utilizados para el tránsito de inmigrantes ilegales con los correspondientes costos sociales, humanos y ambientales que esto supone para nuestro territorio.

Panamá paga hoy un alto costo ambiental producto de este flujo ilegal de personas, ocasionando un daño severo a nuestra biodiversidad.

Quiero decirles que existe una inmensa diferencia entre analizar esta problemática desde recintos como este, en pleno Manhattan, a ser testigo presencial del drama como yo lo he sido. Ver a niños que han quedado huérfanos por la inclemencia de la travesía por la selva, tocaría el alma del más frío analista que estudia estas cuestiones desde la comodidad de una oficina.

No son problemas aislados en el Darién o, por dar otro ejemplo, en el Mediterráneo. Es un complejo sistema del crimen organizado que lucra con la desdicha humana.

Por la frontera del Darién, en 2023, ingresaron más de medio millón de inmigrantes ilegales. Esto corresponde al 12% de la población total de Panamá. Si lo mismo ocurriera en los Estados Unidos, significaría el ingreso de 40 millones de ilegales en un año; es decir, un número 20 veces mayor al que reciben hoy.

Otro ejemplo, a Italia —que también tiene un grave problema migratorio— el año pasado ingresaron cerca de 150 mil personas de manera ilegal. Si fuese en la proporción de Panamá, significaría el ingreso de unos 7 millones de ilegales a este país europeo.

Señoras y señores, les pido que vean la magnitud de lo que está sucediendo, porque sentimos que no contamos con todo el apoyo internacional que corresponde para hacerle frente a una situación tan angustiante desde el punto de vista humanitario, tan costosa en lo financiero, tan riesgosa para nuestra seguridad y tan alarmante por la devastación ambiental que nos dejan.

Y es precisamente del estrago ambiental que quiero hablarles ahora. Darién es una de las selvas neotropicales más grande del mundo. Cuando medio millón de personas pasan y dejan toneladas de residuos a lo largo de los años, algunos altamente contaminantes como baterías y plásticos, genera serias consecuencias ecológicas.

También —y es doloroso decirlo— quedan cuerpos en descomposición por la vera del camino o en los ríos. No todos sobreviven a esta terrible odisea de 20 días a través de la selva. A Panamá le toca atender un problema que no es nuestro, pero lo hacemos, en la medida de lo posible, con los recursos que tenemos.

Nadie se imagina y menos aceptaría a 500 mil personas dejando basura sin ningún tipo de planificación ni tratamiento en el bosque de Bavaria, en Alemania, o en el Parque Nacional de Yellowstone, aquí en los Estados Unidos. Medio millón de almas en situación irregular pasando sin documentos y sin control.

Tal vez la razón de la falta de indignación global por la devastación de nuestra provincia de Darién, el gran pulmón verde de la región, es porque está en un lugar inhóspito de la frontera entre Panamá y Colombia.

Entiendo que parte de la responsabilidad de que esto ocurra recae en funcionarios de anteriores gestiones en nuestro país, que no tuvieron la decisión y la fuerza para poner este tema en la agenda mundial. Pero eso cambió. Este Presidente sí lo denunciará y utilizará cada foro internacional para exigir un esfuerzo compartido para frenar el flujo de la migración ilegal.

Señor Presidente: en Panamá hoy está la nueva frontera de los Estados Unidos, porque por el Darién pasan los que buscan, aquí en este país, una mejor vida.

Panamá, que siempre ha estado del lado de la paz y del progreso de las naciones, hoy necesita ayuda y apoyo de esos países a los que ha ayudado históricamente en este y otros recintos. Cooperación concreta y un trabajo frontal para evitar que usen nuestro territorio como el inicio de un sueño, que gran parte de las veces es generado por organizaciones criminales vinculadas al narcotráfico y a la trata de personas.

La inestabilidad política es una de las causas generadoras de la migración masiva. Cuando existen casos graves de crisis institucional a lo largo del tiempo, tienen como consecuencia inmediata la deserción de sus ciudadanos. Venezuela es un ejemplo concreto.

Es por eso que quiero hablarles de nuestra situación política regional que, casualmente, es el gran hilo conductor de la crisis migratoria que vivimos.

La creciente degradación de su sistema institucional ha ocasionado la desbandada de casi 8 millones de venezolanos, según datos de la Agencia de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. Esta cifra representa una verdadera tragedia migratoria a la que los organismos internacionales no le han dado una respuesta contundente y creíble a lo largo de estos años.

Los últimos acontecimientos en Venezuela han minado aún más la mancillada institucionalidad del país. Seamos claros, adjudicarse un triunfo sin mostrar las actas es como querer ganar un juicio sin presentar pruebas; querer ganar sin mostrar las actas es lo mismo que perder y no aceptar los resultados. De hecho, el régimen actual ha perdido el sustento de sus más fervientes defensores en la región o, en el mejor de los casos, ha recibido el frágil apoyo del silencio.

Es más que evidente que el actual régimen no dejará el poder ni reconocerá su derrota. Es por eso que hago un llamado a las organizaciones correspondientes, a que actúen de forma enérgica contra las actitudes y comportamientos manifiestamente antidemocráticos.

Quiero ser enfático en que esto no es un tema ideológico o de diferencia de pensamientos; es sobre la obediencia estricta de la voluntad popular, que es la madre de todas las voluntades. Panamá está abierto al diálogo con el resto de los países donde se respete el sistema político y representativo que emana de la Constitución nacional de cada territorio.

Traigo a colación el tema Venezuela porque se me hace muy difícil hablar de salud y medioambiente cuando ocho millones de nuestros vecinos se vieron obligados a salir de su territorio, huyéndole a la miseria que vive un país que debería ser una potencia económica.

¿De qué desarrollo sostenible regional podemos hablar ante esta interminable crisis política que afecta todo el continente? No pretendo disfrazar de verde natural mi discurso cuando hay sangre derramada de inmigrantes que arriesgan su vida en nuestra selva buscando un sueño de libertad. Cuando a su paso contaminan el Darién dejando una estela de destrucción y desolación que a los panameños nos toca recoger, reparar y costear.

Si realmente hay una preocupación por el desarrollo sostenible, le pido a los países miembros hacer una defensa férrea y establecer mecanismos precisos para revertir el daño producido en el Darién. Me refiero no solo a los daños medioambientales, sino a las causas que lo originan, como el autoproclamado triunfo del actual régimen en Venezuela.

Como tercer punto, quiero avanzar en mi ponencia refiriéndome a las injustas listas discriminatorias en las que ha sido incluido nuestro país. Listas que nos ponen junto a tiranías que han cometido las peores atrocidades. Con países que no abren sus puertas al mundo, no respetan la democracia o que fomentan el terrorismo.

No aceptamos ser parte de estas listas elaboradas por intereses particulares de naciones que no logran ser competitivas ni atractivas para sus conciudadanos. Panamá no puede ni debe permitir esta afrenta, menos después de todos los esfuerzos realizados.

Hemos implementado reformas significativas en nuestro sistema financiero y legal, a traves de los ultimos años, para cumplir con estándares internacionales de transparencia y prevención de lavado de dinero y otros delitos del crimen organizado. Pero eso no ha sido suficiente.

Nuestra nación ha mostrado disposición para colaborar con organismos internacionales y hemos firmado tratados de intercambio de información fiscal con varios países. Tampoco ha sido suficiente.

Como consecuencia, las recetas impuestas bajo la falsa promesa de desclasificarnos han sido catastróficas para nuestra economía y aun así no hemos logrado librarnos de esos temerarios señalamientos.

Panamá no es un paraíso fiscal ni nada parecido, como si lo son otras jurisdicciones afines a muchos países promotores de estas listas, que son analizados y se miden con otra regla diferente a la de mi país.

Es paradójico, pero las naciones que aprueban la inclusion de Panamá en esas listas usan nuestro Canal, participan en licitaciones públicas, lucran con consultorías pagas y hacen “lobby” a favor de sus empresas para lograr contratos en nuestro país.

Este Presidente ha tomado la firme decisión de no permitir que las empresas de los países que avalan y acompañan esas listas participen en licitaciones internacionales. Tampoco contarán con nuestro voto en los organismos internacionales.

Al tiempo que nos señalan, han gozado de muchas facilidades y ninguna medida restrictiva. Su visión sesgada pretende mantener un estigma infame sobre Panamá, que es un país responsable en materia de cumplimiento financiero.

Quiero lo mejor para mi amada Panamá. No llegué a la Presidencia para congraciar a otros países, sino para atender las demandas de mi Patria.

Hablando de listas, quiero contarles que Panamá es uno de poquísimos países en el mundo carbono-negativo. Es decir, que eliminamos más dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera del que emitimos. Pero tener esa deslumbrante condición ambiental no nos ha traído ningún beneficio.

Tener gran parte de nuestro territorio protegido implica desafíos mayores para poder lograr un auténtico desarrollo. Hoy, países que acabaron con su biodiversidad para desarrollarse, imponen a otros en vías de desarrollo el cuidado ambiental que ellos no tuvieron.

Esto supone una asimetría en cuanto a las oportunidades para el progreso. Por un lado, debemos mantener nuestras selvas en estado primario y, por otro, nos señalan en listas que complican la llegada de inversiones y truncan el desarrollo de un sistema financiero mundialmente competitivo. Panamá no acepta esas reglas de juego.

Quiero reiterar en este recinto el mensaje a la Nación panameña, cuando asumí el cargo de Presidente: “Panamá es un país amigo de las buenas causas y no permitiremos más señalamientos injustos que perjudican nuestra capacidad económica, nuestro prestigio y socaban la imagen de nuestro país”.

Finalizando, quiero expresar nuestra honra como panameños, pues en enero del próximo año seremos miembros no permanentes del Consejo de Seguridad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas por sexta vez en la historia.

Esto es fruto de un trabajo sostenido en el tiempo. Es por la conducta de nuestro país en la lucha contra el terrorismo, contra la trata de personas y contra el narcotráfico. Panamá contribuye a la paz y la concordia entre todos los pueblos.

Todo esto es contradictorio a las listas antes mencionadas. Perdón por mi insistencia, pero es inaceptable que, a un país con una conducta íntegra y coherente a favor de la libertad, la paz y la seguridad internacional, se le asocie con quienes hicieron todo lo contrario a esto, colocándonos en arbitrarios listados que no condicen con la realidad. Verdaderamente, inaceptable.

Continuaremos luchando, de forma pacífica y sostenida, para que se termine con este hostigamiento innecesario y, sobre todo, discriminatorio en manos de países que jamás aplicarían en sus territorios las condiciones que ellos nos exigen.

Para finalizar, quiero expresar que seguiremos construyendo un país al servicio de la humanidad. Cuidando nuestra biodiversidad, a pesar de las adversidades, defendiendo la democracia, a pesar de las amenazas concretas que hoy existen en nuestra región.

Panamá seguirá conectando el comercio mundial, luchando por la libertad, integrándose al mundo y exigiendo el respeto que damos y que nos merecemos, como una nación íntegra, con un pueblo noble, trabajador y que lucha todos los días para hacer de este mundo un lugar mejor para vivir.

Distinguidos miembros de esta Organización, en nombre de Panamá y de todo el pueblo panameño, muchas gracias por esta oportunidad.

Mulino at the UN

 

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Editorials: Mulino and Panama’s image problem; and An imploding GOP

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José raúl Mulino
President Mulino at the United Nations. Photo from his Twitter / X feed.

It’s not as if…

President Mulino isn’t on a mission to the UN like General Torrijos undertook. He’s not rallying the non-aligned nations behind the cause of Panama’s decolonization. Unlike Che Guevara, he’s not at the UN imparting a photogenic young badass image on the cause of Latin American revolution. Instead, President Mulino is at the UN to threaten sanctions against countries that take Panama to task for laundering the funds of their tax evaders and gangsters.

They don’t even live in Panama, Mulino pleads. Is that his excuse about convicted money launderer Ricardo Martinelli, the leader of his party, who’s holed up in the Nicaraguan Consulate — technically a spot of Nicaraguan territory — and issuing political pronouncements from there instead of serving his long prison term for stealing more than $70 million from the Panamanian people and laundering the proceeds through several other countries as well as this one?

Will the Third World line up behind Panama as it resists European and OECD gray lists? Instead of hassling Venezuelans, will the police go out of their way to be discourteous to US or French citizens found on the isthmus? Will Russian or Chinese ships get better spots in the lines to transit the Panama Canal than Spanish or Swiss vessels?

Our president is making us look ridiculous at the United Nations. That image will cost ordinary Panamanians in the long run.

plastic lady
THIS Republican lady, Montana Secretary of State Christi Jacobson, sent out absentee ballots to overseas and military voters with Kamala Harris not listed. She blamed it on a contractor, of course.

Implosion talk

So the Republican nominee for vice president of the United States says that Democrats intend to fly black women into the United States to have abortions.Is Part B of the hallucination that he’s going to turn in as many Democrats as possible to The Bogeyman?

Near the top of the North Carolina ballot, Lieutenant Governor Mark Robinson was outed in an online Mediaite column for some outrageous posts he made on a disgusting social mediium page, CNN picked up on it, checked it out and ran with it, the guy’s top campaign staffers quit, and now North Carolina becomes a major presidential battleground state with the GOP in retreat. So Robinson is threatening to sue CNN.

Meanwhile in Montana, the GOP secretary of state brazenly sent out absentee ballots to overseas voters without Kamala Harris listed as a candidate. In many a red state, with fewer than 90 day to go before Election Day, Republican elected officials have shut down thousands of voting site in African-American or Hispanic neighborhoods. It’s a great set of opportunities for the judiciary to define what is and isn’t a free and fair election, but we all ought to know better than to rely on the current US Supreme Court to do the right things.

For ordinary citizens, the thing to do is register, vote, swamp the desperate Republicans in a tidal wave of votes, and afterward insist on full civil and criminal accounting for the liars and cheaters.

Roger Bacon
Sir Francis Bacon, Lord High Chancellor of England, from a 1617 portrait by Paul van Somer.

                  A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds.

Francis Bacon                   

Bear in mind…

 

I have long since come to believe that people never mean half of what they say, and that it is best to disregard their talk and judge only their actions.

Dorothy Day

 

I say that good painters imitated nature; but that bad ones vomited it.

Miguel de Cervantes

 

Arbitrary power is like most other things which are very hard, very liable to be broken.

Abigail Adams

 

Contact us by email at thepanamanews@gmail.com

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Kaufman, Netanyahu vs. Nasrallah grudge match escalates

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Israeli bomb
An Israeli bomb that exploded in Lebanon. Hezbollah photo.

A weakened Hezbollah is being goaded into all-out conflict with Israel – the consequences would be devastating for all

by Asher Kaufman, University of Notre Dame

For almost a year, Israel and Hezbollah have engaged in increasingly provocative cross-border skirmishes as onlookers warn that this escalating war of attrition could land the region in all-out conflict. The past few days have made that devastating scenario closer to a reality.

First came Israel’s pager and walkie-talkie attack, an unprecedented assault on Hezbollah’s communications that injured thousands of the organization’s operatives. It was followed by the assassination of Ibrahim Aqil, a key Hezbollah leader, who died in an airstrike that also killed other senior commanders of the militant group, as well as some civilians. Hezbollah responded by extending the geographical range of its rockets fired at Israel, targeting both military facilities and civilian neighborhoods across northern Israel. Israel then launched a fresh air assault in which more than 270 people were killed, according to Lebanese health authorities, leading also to the flight of thousands of residents from South Lebanon to the north of the country.

As a scholar of Lebanon and Israel, I have followed the dynamics of this war of attrition since October 8, 2023, the day after Hamas executed an unprecedented and deadly attack on Israel, which responded by bombarding the Gaza Strip. Hezbollah then began firing rockets into northern Israel in solidarity with Hamas in Gaza.

Despite the high rhetoric and mutual threats of destruction, until recent days neither Israel nor Hezbollah, nor the latter’s sponsor Iran, have shown an interest in a full-scale war. All parties surely know the likely destructive consequences of such an eventuality for themselves: Israel has the military power to devastate Beirut and other parts of Lebanon as it did in Gaza, while even a weakened Hezbollah could fire thousands of missiles at Israeli strategic sites, from the airport to central Tel Aviv, water supply lines and electricity hubs, and offshore gas rigs.

So instead, they have exchanged fire and blows along their shared boundary, with somewhat agreed-upon red lines concerning the geographical scope of attacks and efforts not to intentionally target civilians.

But Israel’s recent attacks in Lebanon may have turned the page of this war of attrition into a new and far more acute situation, putting the region on the brink of a full war. Such a war would wreak havoc in Lebanon and Israel, and might also drag Iran and the United States into direct confrontation. In doing so, it would also fulfill the apparent of the Hamas gunmen who murdered around 1,200 Israelis on October 7 in the hope that a heavy-handed Israeli response would draw in more groups across the region.

A dangerous ‘new phase’

Hezbollah’s secretary general, Hassan Nasrallah, has insisted throughout the near-yearlong hostilities that his organization would hold its fire only if a cease-fire agreement is reached between Israel and Hamas. In recent weeks, however, Israel has taken the conflict in the opposite direction.

The country’s defense minister, Yoav Gallant, described the coordinated attacks on Hezbolah targets as a “new phase,” adding that the “center of gravity” in the war was moving north into Lebanon. The Israeli government has added the “return of the residents of the north securely to their homes” as an additional war goal.

The assault on Hezbollah’s communications system targeted the organization’s operatives but hit many civilian bystanders, leaving Lebanese in shock, trauma, anger and desperation.

It demonstrated Israel’s tactical military advantage over Hezbollah. The unprecedented penetration into the heart of the organization’s command and rank-and-file structures has never been seen before in any conflict or war globally. It struck Hezbollah in its most vulnerable places and even exposed its coordination with Iran – one of the injured persons from the pager explosions was the Iranian ambassador in Lebanon.

The killing of Akil two days later was another signal that the Israeli government had now decided to try to change the rules of this risky game of reprisals and counter-reprisals. It is clear that rather than the uneasy status quo that defined this war of attrition for nearly a year, Israel’s intent is now to pressure Hezbollah to concede.

Getting out of control

Nasrallah delivered a gloomy and defiant speech in the aftermath of the pager attack. While acknowledging that Hezbollah was severely undermined by this operation, he defined the Israeli attack as a continuation of “multiple other massacres perpetrated by the enemy over decades.”

By doing so, he framed it within a popular historical narrative among many Lebanese and Palestinians who regard Israel as a criminal entity that regularly carries out massacres against innocent civilians.

Nasrallah also insisted that his commitment to supporting Hamas in Gaza remains unwavering.

While stating that Israeli actions have “crossed all red lines” and could amount to a declaration of war, Nasrallah also reiterated a point he had made in previous peaks of this ongoing conflict: that retribution is coming, the only question being of timing and scale. By doing so, Nasrallah hinted that he may still not be interested in a full war.

Israel, on the other hand, appears less circumspect. After almost a full year of contained tension with Hezbollah, Israel’s leaders appear willing to risk an escalation that might get out of control.

It is hard to determine what the strategy behind Israel’s actions is: Since October 7; as the Biden administration has noted, Israel has not displayed a coherent strategy with clear political goals.

Rather, critics of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggest that he is mainly motivated by his own political survival and the retention of power as the head of state, tying Israel’s interests to his own.

Uniting the ‘axis of resistance’

So where does this leave Nasrallah as he weighs Hezbollah’s response, surely in consultation with Iran? After such devastating blows to Nasrallah’s organization, it is hard to think that Hezbollah would be willing to scale down, stop its cross-border attacks and retreat away from the Israeli border, or give up its commitment to support Hamas in Gaza.

A group of people sit on chairs and watch a screen on which a man in a beard is talking.Palestinian refugees listen to a speech by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah from a cafe at the entrance of the Sabra camp in Beirut. Joseph Eid/AFP via Getty Images

On the other hand, opting for a full-scale war, after spending a year avoiding it, is fraught with risk – both Nasrallah and his sponsors in Tehran know well the high costs of such a war for Hezbollah, Lebanon and potentially also for Iran.

If Hezbollah went to war now against Israel, it would embark on its most consequential move since its foundation in 1982. But it would do so with crippled communications systems and without much of its leadership – some of whom had worked for decades side by side with Nasrallah, building with him the military capacity of the organization.

In some respects, Israelis under Netanyahu’s leadership, and Lebanese in a country increasingly held hostage by Hezbollah’s interests, face similar predicaments: Their well-being is being sacrificed for other priorities.

Netanayhu’s recent statements about concern for Israeli citizens in the north sound hollow after 11 months of pursuing policies that put them more in danger, as well as opposing a Gaza cease-fire deal that would also end hostilities between Hezbollah and Israel.

In Lebanon, Hezbollah has dragged the country into this war against the will of most Lebanese – a decision that has led to significant devastation in parts of a country already suffering extreme political and economic duress.

Nasrallah’s speech described Hezbollah’s predicament as that of all Lebanon – while sending a veiled threat that dissent would not be tolerated. Many Lebanese are undoubtedly sympathetic to the Palestinian cause and resent Israel’s war in Gaza. But at the same time, they may balk at the idea that their own well-being has to be sacrificed in the process.

In the meantime, Yahya Sinwar, the Hamas leader and mastermind behind the October 7 massacre, may well be looking on at the unfolding events between Israel and Hezbollah with satisfaction. His plan was designed to trigger the unification of all fronts of the so-called “axis of resistance,” which includes the Houthis in Yemen as well as Hezbollah and other Iran-backed groups with the hope for a regional war against Israel.

A year later, we are closer than ever to that scenario.

Editor’s note: This story was updated on Sept. 23, 2024 to include the latest developments in the region.The Conversation

Asher Kaufman, Professor of History and Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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Brand, Some of the problems with the United Nations

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UNGA
Getting ready for a UN General Assembly UN photo by Kin Haughton.

UN pact to protect future generations will be undermined by Security Council veto and its use in cases of mass atrocity

by Mike Brand, University of Connecticut
World leaders will gather at the United Nations on Sept. 22-23, 2024, where they are set to adopt the Pact for the Future – an ambitious plan for how to best reform the UN, and other institutions, to address the current problems of the world and protect future generations. It couldn’t come at a more pressing time. As presidents, prime ministers and top diplomats prepare to meet in New York, mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing – are taking place or alleged in several countries around the world. The pact and an accompanying Summit of the Future serve as an opportunity for the UN to make structural changes that will better empower the international body to prevent and respond to such crimes and protect populations under threat. As UN Secretary-General António Guterres noted, the summit is a “once-in-a-generation opportunity to reinvigorate global action, recommit to fundamental principles, and further develop the frameworks of multilateralism so they are fit for the future.” As a scholar-practitioner of mass atrocities prevention and human rights, I share Guterres’ hope that the summit and pact can lead to a change. The existing frameworks have failed time and time again to prevent or end mass atrocities. But to have a real chance of success, I believe the summit will have to look at reforming the UN’s principal body on peace and security: the Security Council. The council is not only unrepresentative, but its five permanent members – France, the United Kingdom, United States, Russia and China – all stand accused of being directly or indirectly complicit in some of the worst mass atrocities currently taking place.

A forgotten responsibility

The Summit for the Future comes nearly 20 years after the last major push for UN reform at the 2005 World Summit. Staged in the aftermath of genocides in Rwanda and Srebrenica, the summit saw 170 governments adopt the Responsibility to Protect, or R2P, pledging to take on individual responsibility to protect their own populations from mass atrocities. States also accepted collective responsibility to protect people in other countries. In cases when a nation fails to prevent mass atrocities, or commits them directly, world leaders agreed to “take collective action, in a timely and decisive manner, through the Security Council.” Such actions could include everything from sanctions and arms embargoes to coercive military action. Two decades on, it is clear that UN member states and the Security Council have failed to live up to their commitment to R2P. In the intervening years, the world has seen mass atrocities in Sudan, South Sudan, China, Ethiopia, Yemen, Myanmar and Syria – with limited effective interventions by the UN.

Perpetrators or protectors?

Part of the problem, I believe, is with the Security Council itself. Not only has this crucial body not ensured populations were protected, but that task is undermined by the fact that all five permanent members of the Security Council are either accused of directly committing or assisting mass atrocities. China has been accused of committing genocide and crimes against humanity against its Uyghur ethnic minority. Russia has been accused of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide in Ukraine. Both China and Russia supply arms to regimes in Syria and Myanmar – both accused of committing mass atrocities. The United States, United Kingdom and France – the three permanent Western members on the council – have armed, and continue to arm, Israel, which has been accused of committing genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity in Gaza and the West Bank. Such complicity undermines the authority of the Security Council as the UN body charged with taking action to prevent and respond to mass atrocities. Additionally, the five permanent members have veto power, unlike the 10 rotating nonpermanent members of the council. This means whenever one of the permanent members votes no on a Security Council resolution, it does not pass.
A group of men and woman stand with their fists aloft. A banner saying 'never again' is in the middle.Rohingya refugees gather on Aug. 25, 2023, to mark the sixth anniversary of Genocide Day. Tanbir Miraj/AFP via Getty Images
Since the Responsibility to Protect was adopted, the veto has been used to block action on mass atrocities several times. Russia and China have used their veto to block action in cases related to the crisis in Syria. Meanwhile, the United State has repeatedly vetoed action over Israel’s treatment of Palestinians in the occupied territories. The power to veto also acts as a deterrent, preventing issues from being brought before the Security Council. If member states believe a permanent member will block a resolution, they may decide not to bring the issue before the council for a vote.

Vetoing the veto

The idea of reforming the council so that the five permanent members do not have veto powers on resolutions related to mass atrocities is not new. It gained traction in 2013 after France’s then-President François Hollande addressed the UN General Assembly and stated that “whenever [the United Nations] proves to be powerless, it’s peace that pays the price.” Hollande called for a “code of good conduct” whereby the permanent members could decide to “collectively renounce their veto powers” regarding mass atrocities. In 2015, Mexico joined France in formally calling for the suspension of veto powers in such cases. As of 2023, 106 states have expressed support for this effort. Separately in 2015, the Accountability, Coherence and Transparency Group – 27 states that work to enhance the Security Council’s effectiveness – proposed a “Code of Conduct on Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes.” It called on states to “voluntarily commit themselves not to vote against a draft resolution of the Security Council in which the Council takes measures to end these crimes.” The key difference between the two proposals is that the ACT Group’s code of conduct would apply to both permanent and nonpermanent members of the Security Council. As of 2023, 129 U.N. members and observers have signed. The issue of the Security Council veto has come up during the drafting of the Pact for the Future. An earlier version of the draft pact held that member states “encourage a collective and voluntary agreement among the permanent members of the Security Council to refrain from the use of the veto when the Security Council intends to take action to prevent or halt genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes.” But this paragraph was removed in a subsequent revision. The latest version due to be discussed at the summit references the need to address veto reform and “intensify efforts to reach an agreement on the future of the veto, including discussions on limiting its scope and use.” But achieving true veto reform has proven difficult in the past, as permanent members have been reluctant to relinquish this extraordinary power.

Less representative, but no less power

The veto debate forms part of a larger discussion that many states, especially in the Global South, want to have over the shape of the UN’s highest body. Next year will mark the 80th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. In the conferences that preceded the creation of the UN, the allied victors of World War II negotiated to give themselves permanent membership on the Security Council and veto power. But the world looks very different today than it did in 1945. The five permanent members are no longer all allies, and membership of the UN has grown significantly from 51 original members to 193 members today. As the UN has grown, it has added more members to the Security Council, expanding from 11 to 15 members in 1963. But the number of permanent members has not changed. And while in 1945 they represented close to half the world’s population and 10% of member states, that has dwindled to about a quarter and 2.5%, respectively. Despite becoming less representative, this five-member club still has the power – should it find the willingness to use it – to exert pressure to end many mass atrocities that are causing incredible suffering and death and driving the highest level of global displacement in history, with more than 120 million people forcibly displaced in 2024. But it has failed to do so. And while there are several challenges that need to be addressed in the Pact for the Future, any efforts to safeguard the safety of peoples now and in the future will be undermined without reform of the Security Council and its veto powers.The Conversation
Mike Brand, Adjunct Professor of Genocide Studies and Human Rights, University of Connecticut This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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¿Wappin? Mid-September on the distaff side

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Linda
Linda Ronstadt, her performing career cut short by Parkinson’s Disease, lives with one of the adopted children she raised – now an adult – and counts among her quotidian concerns the messes that the cat with whom she also lives sometimes makes. Although she won’t be playing any benefit concerts for candidates she DOES plan to vote in Tucson, Arizona this year.

Voces femeninas a mediados de septiembre

The Chiffons – One Fine Day
https://youtu.be/KvyOqKhKWQ4?si=YXzmIV9RkGWxEfHx

Billie Eilish – Your Power
https://youtu.be/g86vDRQBfzM?si=_RN-qGg02HR6NkiR

Erika Ender – Despacito
https://youtu.be/HnYf6mSx7xo?si=wMAUvIFTXfoIA3T8

Karol G. – Si Antes Te Hubiera Conocido
https://youtu.be/QCZZwZQ4qNs?si=GZoovYxe-RFjA2HU

Aretha Franklin – Respect
https://youtu.be/A134hShx_gw?si=epONf1ryKumDBqQy

Kany García – En Concierto Acústico
https://youtu.be/94CcirUoTFI?si=QUZrjJ-YoxfA8FVO

Joan Osborne – What Becomes of the Broken Hearted
https://youtu.be/gA0GcXV2njY?si=E7FIZ3baeyRj45V3

Mon Lafterte – Viña del Mar 2017
https://youtu.be/OSoCF1lud0E?si=5rV9XKbg1gN3o-Ho

Sheila E. – Playa Tequila
https://youtu.be/sOwiuJ985wQ?si=-LYc-ui93gwv7qda

Linda Ronstadt – Canciones de mi Padre
https://youtu.be/dHTmCrGdNzM?si=E5nOFRm3dAo5d_NE

Billie Holiday – Strange Fruit
https://youtu.be/-DGY9HvChXk?si=5D8nNWNchyoOinVL

Mary Weiss – Remember
https://youtu.be/ZMjDkSKX-lw?si=OCmEQjKYsc0yZEGw

Nina Simone – To Love Somebody
https://youtu.be/LymNICNvaH8?si=N7oTqdOG93xC-191

Natalie Merchant – Kind and Generous
https://youtu.be/uAwyIad93-c?si=jPV35AAABwRMOi1t

Taylor Swift – I Can Do It With A Broken Heart
https://youtu.be/Sl6en1NPTYM?si=NsAIt2PDY40tco3I

 

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El Festival Icaro Panamá de Cine Centroamericano

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at the U

EL miércoles abre El Festival Icaro Panamá
de Cine Centroamericano con 7 espacios

por Roberto Enrique King

EL miércoles 25 de septiembre será la inauguración del 17º FESTIVAL ICARO PANAMÁ DE CINE, CENTROAMERICANO, que hasta el viernes 4 de octubre llevará gratuitamente a las provincias de Panamá, Colón, Chiriquí y Bocas del Toro, las más recientes películas de la región y a los cineastas del patio le ofrecerá actividades formativas con destacados maestros, bajo la organización del GECU de la Universidad de Panamá en conjunto con la Fundación FAE, en colaboración con la Fundación Montilla de David y la Alcaldía de Colón, y con los auspicios del Banco Nacional de Panamá.

La sede en nuestra capital será el CINE UNIVERSITARIO, y abrirá el evento ese día a las 7:30pm, la película de ficción de Costa Rica, LA HIJA DE LÁZARO, de Gustavo Fallas, sobre una periodista que investiga un atentado en el que murió su padre 40 años atrás, junto con el corto de animación de Guatemala, RECORTE, de Beatríz Castañón, sobre la importancia de asumirse cómo uno realmente es; y continuará en dicha sala hasta el sábado 28, en horario de 3, 5 y 7 pm, con películas de corto y largometraje, de géneros de ficción, documental, animación y experimental.

Del lunes 30 al viernes 4 de octubre esta edición 17 del festival contará en las otras tres sedes provinciales mencionadas con los siguientes seis espacios de exhibición: en Colón el Centro Regional Universitario; en David la Biblioteca de la UNACHI y la Escuela Municipal de Bellas Artes; en Puerto Armuelles el Centro Superior de Bellas Artes y Folklore; en Changuinola el Centro Superior de Bellas Artes y en Almirante el Parque Cincuentenario, para lograr así descentralizar el disfrute del arte cinematográfico fuera de la capital, en fechas que cubrirán.

Toda la información de las películas, actividades formativas, eventos especiales y demás información sobre el festival tanto en la capital como en provincias está en su web: www.festivalicaropanama.com o escribir a cine.universitario@up.ac.pa o icaropanama@gmail.com y en Facebook, X, Instagram a @IcaroPanama.

schedule

 

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Editorials: Who, ME? and Free expression and free elections

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girders
You don’t just pick up one of these and put it in your pocket. Steel girders, each about 22 feet long and worth about $5,000 apiece, on the premises of the Junta Comunal in the Panama City corregimiento of Las Cumbres. These are just a few of hundreds of missing pieces. Various cover stories have been, are being and no doubt will be concocted, but these criminal investigators from the Public Ministry are treating it as part of a massive theft from the Ministry of Public Works. Public Ministry photo.

The circular finger-point

Might the decisive evidence come from document examiners looking for post-dated public records? Perhaps. If the investigation gets that detailed.

Might a pattern emerge from the known destinations of the steel girders that have been recovered? It probably already has, but prosecutors don’t want to tip their hands in an ongoing investigation.

Whether or not we believe the versions given by former Minister of Public Works Rafael Sabonge, at first hearing they sound like swan songs at the end of a disgraceful on-and-off career in government service.

Will the case proceed from the confession of some knowing truck driver, machine operator, supply depot guard or minor functionary threatened with doing time that really ought to be served by somebody else? Could be.

It looks like one of the final looting sprees of the Cortizo administration, but we shall probably see the who, what, when and where of it in more detail, perhaps in a criminal trial.

 

fearless leader's stooge
Right-wing podcaster Tim Pool. The US federal indictment of the company through which he worked alleges that the Russian government funded him to the tune of $100,000 per show. Wikimedia photo by Gage Skidmore.

Free expression and the online US election rumble

You wouldn’t expect RT, Radio Havana, Iranian television or Somali pirate radio to have nice things to say about US foreign policy. Maria Butina, convicted and imprisoned in the USA for acting as an unregistered foreign agent – not a spy, but a saleswoman for Russian gun manufacturers – now works as a legislator in Russia’s Duma and might have interesting things to say about the United States. A free nation and thoughtful individuals ought to be able to hear such stuff, so long as we know who’s speaking.

A string of Republican podcasters covertly financed by Vladimir Putin’s government? American media influencers surreptitiously paid by the Ayatollah’s government to sway US public opinion? Front people for governments allied to the United States seeking to affect US foreign policy without disclosing who and what they are? A Democratic lawmaker bribed to secretly promote Egyptian interests from inside Washington power circles?

Been there, seen those sorts of things over many years.

It’s election campaign season in the United States and the country is particularly vulnerable to the covert manipulation of the most gullible voters. Putin ran this game in 2016 with some success, but by 2020 the accusation that some commentator was or is a “Russian bot” worked against such tactics, at the cost of dumbing down US political discourse.

Let’s allow foreign powers to have their say, so long as they are identified as such. That’s one of the ways in which free people defend their democratic institutions. And if Americans who see or hear those message are rude in their scorn, that’s free speech too.

  

Ann Richards
The late Texas Governor Ann Richards.
Wikimedia portrait by Clarkwrichards.

      In politics your enemies can’t hurt you, but your friends will kill you.

Ann Richards      

Bear in mind…

All human beings should try to learn before they die what they are running from, and to, and why.

James Thurber

Another belief of mine: that everyone else my age is an adult, whereas I am merely in disguise.

Margaret Atwood

The secret of a good life is to have the right loyalties and hold them in the right scale of values.

Norman Thomas

 

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Reich, A winning economic platform for Kamala and Tim

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Kamala in germany
US Vice President Harris meets German Chancellor Scholz before the 2023 Munich Security Conference. As VP she was given important missions, including economic ones, and from those she knows the leaders of the most important US trade partners.

Harris and Walz should run on ensuring economic freedom by reversing and remedying the brutal imbalance between the people and the powerful

A winning economic agenda
for Kamala Harris

by Robert Reich

Today I want to talk with you about what US Vice President Kamala Harris could do to win over more Americans on the issue that remains her biggest challenge: the economy.

Harris’s family-centered policies—$6,000 for newborns, a tax credit that will help people with children decide for themselves whether to work or stay at home, and universal affordable childcare—are useful and important.

But here’s the rub: Many young men and women simply can’t afford to form families in the first place. As Harold Meyerson notes in The American Prospect, Harris’s family policies won’t have much impact on many young working-class men and women employed in the private sector, where the rate of unionization is barely 6%, where gig employment is often a necessity just to get by (as is a second or even third job), and where the absence of job stability or an adequate income or both deters marriage.

Freedom—including reproductive freedom—means the chance to raise a family without soul-crushing economic stress.

The disappearance of good jobs for those without a college degree has led to declining marriage rates across all of the American working class, according to studies by MIT economist David Autor and his colleagues—a far steeper rate of decline than in the middle and upper classes.

The issue boils down to how to get good jobs to people without four-year college degrees.

On Friday, Harris made the important promise to dispense with unnecessary college degree requirements for federal jobs. She could go further and tell private employers to use skills-based hiring instead of requiring college degrees.

Harris might also call for the construction of 10 million new homes over the next four years. This would help funnel non-college workers into building trades and community college apprenticeship programs, leading to high-wage jobs that don’t require college degrees.

She could build on the impetus of the CHIPs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act to get good new jobs to places around the country that have been abandoned by most industry. The most important family policy for young people growing up in rural Georgia or North Carolina is to be able to find good jobs where they are, rather than have to leave their communities to find adequate-paying work.

She should also build on the significant work of Biden’s FTC and the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department in attacking monopolies and mergers, and promise that as president she’ll fight for competitive markets where big corporations can’t keep prices high (she’s already said she’ll attack corporate price gouging).

Monopolies don’t just hurt consumers. They also hurt workers, and make it harder for them to have families. When there’s only one game in town, you don’t dare push back against arbitrary schedules and hours that keep you from your family.

Harris should attack housing developers that collude to drive up prices. She should fight against mandatory arbitration, which locks workers and consumers into private courts funded by the same companies they want to challenge. And she should commit to strengthening unions by preventing big corporations from firing workers who want them and pushing for sector-by-sector bargaining.

Former US President Donald Trump has proposed exempting overtime earnings from federal tax. But remember: It was Trump whose labor department made about 8 million workers ineligiblefor overtime. Harris should pledge to reverse that ruling.

She should package all of this, as Jedediah Britton-Purdy suggests, as part of a push for economic freedom.

Many Americans feel powerless, ripped off by monopolies in everything from phone service to concert tickets, locked into dead-end jobs because there are no alternatives, unable even to contemplate raising a family because they can’t possibly afford the costs.

Freedom—including reproductive freedom—means the chance to raise a family without soul-crushing economic stress.

I’ve already discussed how Trump’s economic agenda (to the extent he’s provided one) is just another variant on trickle-down economics, where wealth and power go to the top and nothing trickles down. Trump’s version would result in an even more brutal imbalance between the people and the powerful.

But that’s not how many Americans see it. As Purdy says:

Although Democrats see Trump as a chaotic bad boss in chief, many supporters see him as the real defender of economic security, decent jobs, and a safe and orderly world. His call for tariffs on all imported goods and his promise to beat up on companies until they lower prices may be unrealistic, but they are concrete promises to shake up the system on behalf of ordinary people. That’s the kind of dramatic change so many people seem to want.

Fundamentally, economic freedom requires reversing and remedying the brutal imbalance between the people and the powerful. It necessitates taking power back from the ruling economic class—from the ultra-wealthy who have been bribing politicians to lower their taxes, allow them monopolize markets, and crush labor unions.

This must be at the heart of the Harris-Walz economic agenda.

 

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STRI, ¿Como podemos reducir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono?

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STRI 1
Los bosques tropicales en regeneración emiten mucho menos dióxido de carbono en el suelo que los pastizales. Los bosques tropicales crecen muy deprisa, absorbiendo dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera y almacenándolo en forma de madera. Este nuevo estudio demuestra que el suelo, incluso en los bosques jóvenes, puede liberar mucho menos carbono que los suelos de los pastizales abiertos, otra razón más para optar por la reforestación. Foto por Jorge Aleman — STRI.

¿Podemos reducir las emisiones de dióxido de carbono simplemente dejando que los bosques se recuperen?

por STRI

Al igual que nosotros, las raíces y los microbios del suelo exhalan dióxido de carbono, una de las principales causas del calentamiento global. Los suelos tropicales emiten 10 veces más dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera al año, más que todo lo que quemamos en combustibles fósiles. En los suelos tropicales cálidos y húmedos, las tasas de emisión de dióxido de carbono son de las más altas de la Tierra. Investigadores del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales y de la Universidad de California en Berkeley se preguntaron cómo cambiaba la cantidad de carbono liberado por los suelos al repoblar bosques tropicales en pastizales. La magnitud de la reducción de las emisiones de carbono del suelo, publicada en la revista Forest Ecology and Management, fue inesperada.

“Nos sorprendió que la cantidad de dióxido de carbono liberado por el suelo se multiplicara casi por dos en los bosques jóvenes en comparación con los pastizales”, afirma Claire Beckstoffer, autora principal y exalumna del laboratorio de Whendee Silver en la Universidad de California en Berkeley.

Claire Beckstoffer y su equipo midieron el dióxido de carbono liberado por los suelos en lugares que iban desde pastizales activos a bosques de 7 años, pasando por bosques de 24 a 32 años y repoblaciones forestales de más de 80 años. También midieron factores que podrían explicar las diferencias en las emisiones de dióxido de carbono, como la temperatura del suelo, la humedad, el contenido de carbono orgánico y la masa del suelo.

Los suelos en pastizales liberaron las mayores cantidades de dióxido de carbono, y la diferencia entre los suelos en pastizales y los forestales fue mucho más notable que las diferencias entre bosques de distintas edades.

“De todas las mediciones que realizamos, las diferencias de temperatura fueron más extremas entre los pastizales activos y los bosques de distintas edades”, afirma Whendee Silver, coautora del estudio y profesora de Ecología de Ecosistemas y Biogeoquímica de la UC Berkeley. “Por eso creemos que las temperaturas más cálidas que experimentan los suelos de los pastizales pueden ser las que expliquen las mayores emisiones de dióxido de carbono”.

“Pocos estudios han analizado las emisiones de carbono en suelos forestales tropicales secundarios, y la mayoría ignoran la transición de pastizal a bosque”, afirma Claire Beckstoffer.

Jefferson Hall, coautor y director del Proyecto Agua Salud, el mayor experimento de reforestación de este tipo en los trópicos, una zona de 700 hectáreas que desemboca en el Canal de Panamá donde los investigadores comparan el flujo de agua, el almacenamiento de carbono y la biodiversidad en diferentes opciones de uso del suelo, añadió: “Claire descubrió una disminución del doble de las emisiones de carbono, de 10 micromoles por metro cuadrado por segundo de los pastizales a 5 micromoles por metro cuadrado por segundo de las tierras boscosas. ¡Esto es enorme! Es cierto que realizó su investigación en la estación húmeda, por lo que no pudo captar las diferencias estacionales. Pero pensemos en las implicaciones a escala del ciclo del carbono y el equilibrio de CO2: Simplemente dejando que el bosque vuelva a crecer, se obtiene una ganancia rápida a medida que los pastizales se transforman en bosques a través de la restauración forestal natural y pasiva”.

Referencia: Claire Beckstoffer, Jefferson Hall, Whendee L. Silver. 2024. Rapid recovery of soil respiration during tropical forest secondary succession on former pastures. Forest Ecology and Management

 

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Lazarus & Button: Not just the old Nigeria Scam anymore

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uh huh
Uh huh. Photo by Adikos, from a mixed-media comic by Andrew Toskin.

Hustle academies: west Africa’s online scammers are training others in fraud and sextortion

by Suleman Lazarus & Suleman Lazarus

As the world becomes increasingly connected, digital fraud has evolved from a local problem into a global one. West Africa, particularly Ghana and Nigeria, is witnessing the rise of “hustle kingdoms” – informal academies that train individuals to carry out digital scams.

The term “hustle kingdoms” originated from online scammers themselves, used to describe their training centers. These environments are glorified in certain pockets of popular culture. The hustle kingdoms operate both online and offline, blending virtual training with in-person sessions.

Real-life scams linked to “graduates” of these academies include various scams such as online romance fraud and business email compromise scams.

Similar setups existed in the 1980s and 1990s under the name “business centers.” Back then, a “chairman”, typically a university graduate or dropout, would rent an office, hire a secretary, and recruit junior scammers, or “boys.” Their task was to target victims worldwide via postal letters, telephone calls, and faxes. The “chairman” provided funding and logistics while trainees honed their scamming skills.

These academies, once local training hubs, have evolved into global threats. They now export their skills worldwide, fueling more persistent and widespread fraud. The United States alone lost about US$50 billion in 2023 to online scams, many of which are linked to west African fraudsters. This figure only represents reported losses – many more crimes go unreported.

Similar to the “Sakawa Boys” (Ghanaian online scammers) and the “Yahoo Boys” (Nigerian online scammers), “hustle kingdom” fraudsters sometimes justify their actions as seeking restitution for past injustices, viewing themselves as descendants of victims of the slave trade, economic exploitation and colonialism, while westerners are seen as descendants of colonialists. This framing suggests that their online scams are, in part, a response to historical wrongs.

They also use supernatural strategies – “juju magic” – to manipulate and defraud victims.

Nigerian scam enterprises are often linked to confraternities, secret or semi-secret organisations such as the “Black Axe,” an organized crime group originally formed in Nigerian universities. In contrast, Ghanaian cyber criminals are less often associated with organized criminal groups.

As these fraudsters expand their operations, online romance scams and sextortion cases have surged in the United States and Europe, raising alarm.

Online romance scams involve fraudsters creating fake online personas to establish emotional relationships with victims, deceiving them into sending money or personal information. Sextortion occurs when perpetrators coerce victims into providing sexually explicit content and then threaten to release it unless the victims meet financial or other demands.

As scholars who have researched and written about cybercrime issues in west Africa, we want to provide readers with a nuanced perspective on a complex phenomenon. Thus, we combine on-the-ground insights with global analysis, highlighting the need for coordinated action to combat these crimes.

Hustle kingdoms

The term “hustle kingdom” or “HK” holds meaning within these cybercriminal training networks. “HK” also stands for “headquarters” or “high kingdom.” It represents a central command center with a hierarchical structure for training new members, functioning like an online fraud academy. This structure is important during the training phase but tends to dissolve after members graduate.

“HK” is more than a physical location; it acts as a conceptual space within the network. Here, novices learn various fraud techniques and job-seeking strategies from globally contributed insights. Thus, “HK” serves as a knowledge hub, spreading tactics across the network.

The concept has gained traction in street-level parlance, indicating its acceptance and use beyond organized cyber fraud. HK emphasizes educational and strategic aspects over territorial concerns, underscoring such organizations’ decentralized and adaptable nature. Factors such as socio-economic pressures and the allure of quick wealth drive individuals to join these institutions.

Sextortion and romance scams

The graduates of these academies are contributing to the alarming rise in online romance scams and sextortion cases, particularly in the United States and Europe. There are no clearly defined crime statistics to illustrate this rise but one organization which receives reports related to children reported 26,718 cases of sextortion in 2023, a jump from 10,731 reports in 2022 and up from 139 reports in 2021.

These scams are not isolated incidents but part of a larger, organized effort originating from west Africa and involving participants from multiple nations, including criminal actors in western countries. Studies, such as interviews with an alleged leader of a cybercriminal group affiliated with Black Axe, demonstrate the international scope of these operations.

Stopping online fraud

Tackling this issue requires urgent attention at both local and global levels. There are no quick and simple solutions, but broadly, there are three main areas of action required.

First, there needs to be much more cooperation between law enforcement from countries that are the main targets of these scammers and west African law enforcement agencies. The aim should be not just to apprehend the main criminal actors, but to disrupt the activity.

Second, the social and economic factors driving young people into this “industry” need to be addressed.

Finally, much more needs to be done to protect potential victims from these online scams through more effective and targeted fraud prevention measures.The Conversation

Suleman Lazarus, PhD, Visiting Fellow, London School of Economics and Political Science and Mark Button, Professor of Security and Fraud, University of Portsmouth

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

 

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